Legal claims defining the scope of protection. Each claim is shown in both the original legal language and a plain English translation.
1. A method of operation of a network node of a cellular communications network, comprising: partitioning a plurality of subframes into at least two sets of subframes, the at least two sets of subframes comprising a first set of subframes for legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions and a second set of subframes for short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions, wherein partitioning the plurality of subframes comprises: selecting at least one downlink subframe index; selecting all mandatory uplink subframe indices that are predefined as being mandatory uplink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one downlink subframe index: selecting zero, one, or two or more optional uplink subframe indices that are predefined as being optional uplink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one downlink subframe index; forming the first set of subframes for legacy TDD transmissions using the at least one downlink subframe index, the mandatory uplink subframe indices, and the zero, one, or two or more optional uplink subframe indices; and forming the second set of subframes for sTTI TDD transmissions using a complement of the first set of subframes within a radio frame; and performing one or more telecommunications functions according to the at least two sets of subframes.
Cellular communications networks face challenges in efficiently managing transmissions with different requirements, particularly when supporting both legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions within the same radio frame. This invention describes a method for a network node to operate by partitioning subframes to accommodate these diverse transmission types. The method involves dividing a group of subframes into at least two distinct sets. One set is designated for legacy TDD transmissions, and the other is for sTTI TDD transmissions. The partitioning process begins by identifying at least one downlink subframe index. Then, all predefined mandatory uplink subframe indices associated with the selected downlink subframe index are identified. Additionally, zero, one, or multiple predefined optional uplink subframe indices corresponding to the downlink subframe index are selected. The first set of subframes for legacy TDD is then constructed using the selected downlink subframe index, all mandatory uplink subframe indices, and the chosen optional uplink subframe indices. The second set of subframes, intended for sTTI TDD transmissions, is formed using the remaining subframes in the radio frame that are not part of the first set. Finally, the network node performs telecommunications functions based on this partitioned subframe structure.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more telecommunications functions comprise scheduling.
A method for managing telecommunications functions in a network involves dynamically adjusting one or more telecommunications functions based on real-time conditions. The method includes monitoring network performance metrics such as latency, bandwidth utilization, and signal quality to detect deviations from expected values. When a deviation is detected, the system automatically adjusts the telecommunications functions to optimize performance. The adjustments may include modifying transmission parameters, rerouting data, or allocating additional resources. The method ensures efficient use of network resources while maintaining service quality. In one implementation, the telecommunications functions include scheduling, which involves managing the timing and prioritization of data transmissions. The scheduling function dynamically allocates time slots to different data streams based on their priority, latency requirements, and network conditions. For example, high-priority or delay-sensitive traffic, such as voice or video calls, may be assigned shorter transmission intervals to reduce latency. The system continuously monitors network performance and adjusts the scheduling parameters to adapt to changing conditions, such as congestion or resource availability. This ensures that critical data is transmitted with minimal delay while non-critical data is handled efficiently. The method improves overall network efficiency and user experience by dynamically optimizing telecommunications functions in response to real-time conditions.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of subframes is a plurality of subframes in a radio frame.
A method for wireless communication involves organizing data transmission in a radio frame by dividing it into multiple subframes. Each subframe is a smaller, fixed-duration segment of the radio frame, allowing for structured and synchronized data exchange between devices. The subframes enable efficient scheduling, resource allocation, and time-division multiplexing, improving spectral efficiency and reducing interference in wireless networks. This approach is particularly useful in cellular and wireless broadband systems where precise timing and coordinated access are critical. By segmenting the radio frame into subframes, the method supports flexible transmission modes, including downlink, uplink, and hybrid configurations, while maintaining synchronization across multiple users and base stations. The subframe structure also facilitates advanced techniques like beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and dynamic resource allocation, enhancing overall network performance and reliability. The method is applicable in various wireless standards, including LTE, 5G, and beyond, where subframe-based scheduling is a fundamental aspect of air interface design. The use of subframes ensures consistent timing alignment, reduces latency, and optimizes the use of available radio resources, addressing challenges in high-density and high-mobility environments.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least two sets of subframes are the same for all radio frames within a defined time period.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically methods for managing subframe configurations in radio frames to improve synchronization and resource allocation. The problem addressed is the need for consistent subframe patterns across multiple radio frames to ensure reliable communication and efficient use of radio resources. The method involves defining at least two sets of subframes within a radio frame, where each set contains a specific configuration of subframes. These subframes may include downlink, uplink, or special subframes, depending on the communication requirements. The key innovation is that the same sets of subframes are repeated across all radio frames within a defined time period, ensuring uniformity and predictability in the communication structure. This repetition helps maintain synchronization between transmitting and receiving devices, reduces complexity in scheduling, and optimizes resource allocation by avoiding frequent reconfiguration. The method may also include dynamically adjusting the subframe sets based on changing network conditions or traffic demands, while still maintaining the consistency of the subframe patterns within the defined time period. This approach is particularly useful in time-division duplex (TDD) systems, where uplink and downlink transmissions share the same frequency band but are separated in time. By standardizing the subframe configurations, the system can minimize interference and improve overall communication efficiency. The invention ensures that devices can reliably predict and adapt to the subframe structure, enhancing performance and reducing errors in data transmission.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least two sets of subframes are the same for all radio frames within a defined time period.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically methods for managing subframe configurations in radio frames to improve synchronization and resource allocation. The problem addressed is the need for consistent subframe patterns across multiple radio frames to ensure reliable communication and efficient use of network resources. The method involves defining at least two sets of subframes within a radio frame, where each set contains one or more subframes. These subframes are allocated for specific purposes, such as data transmission, control signaling, or synchronization. The key innovation is that the same sets of subframes are repeated across all radio frames within a defined time period, ensuring uniformity in subframe allocation. This consistency helps devices within the network predict and synchronize with the subframe patterns, reducing errors and improving communication efficiency. The method may also include dynamically adjusting the subframe sets based on network conditions, such as traffic load or interference levels, while maintaining the same subframe pattern within the defined time period. This allows for flexible resource management while preserving the benefits of consistent subframe allocation. The approach is particularly useful in systems where multiple devices share the same communication channel, such as in cellular networks or wireless local area networks. By standardizing subframe patterns, the method enhances reliability and reduces overhead in managing subframe configurations.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least two sets of subframes vary from one radio frame to another in accordance with a predefined pattern.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically to methods for managing subframe configurations in radio frames to improve efficiency and flexibility in data transmission. The problem addressed is the need for dynamic adaptation of subframe allocations to optimize resource utilization and support diverse communication requirements across different radio frames. The method involves configuring at least two sets of subframes within a radio frame, where each set is assigned distinct roles or functions. These subframes are dynamically adjusted from one radio frame to another according to a predefined pattern. The predefined pattern ensures predictable and coordinated changes in subframe configurations, allowing the system to adapt to varying traffic conditions, interference levels, or service demands without manual intervention. This approach enhances spectral efficiency, reduces latency, and improves overall system performance by aligning subframe allocations with real-time operational needs. The predefined pattern may include rules for alternating, rotating, or cycling through different subframe configurations based on time, load, or other system parameters. This ensures that subframes are allocated optimally for uplink, downlink, or special purposes (e.g., synchronization or control signaling) across consecutive radio frames. The method supports backward compatibility with existing wireless standards while enabling more flexible and efficient resource management.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the first set of subframes comprise an uplink subframe index for legacy uplink transmission whose corresponding retransmission subframe index is the same as the uplink subframe index.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically addressing the efficient handling of uplink transmissions and retransmissions in time-division duplex (TDD) configurations. The problem solved involves managing subframe assignments to ensure proper synchronization between initial transmissions and their corresponding retransmissions, particularly in systems supporting both legacy and new transmission schemes. The method involves a set of subframes designated for uplink transmissions, where each subframe in this set includes an uplink subframe index. For legacy uplink transmissions, the corresponding retransmission subframe index is identical to the uplink subframe index. This means that if a subframe is used for an initial uplink transmission, the same subframe index is also used for any retransmissions of that data. This approach simplifies scheduling by eliminating the need to map retransmissions to different subframes, reducing complexity in the system's timing and resource allocation logic. The method ensures backward compatibility with existing devices while optimizing the use of available subframes for both initial and retransmitted data. This is particularly useful in TDD systems where uplink and downlink subframes are dynamically allocated, and efficient use of resources is critical. The solution enhances reliability and reduces latency in data transmission by streamlining the retransmission process.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the second set of subframes comprises at least one downlink subframe for legacy downlink transmission and/or at least one special subframe for legacy TDD operation.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically improving compatibility between new and legacy transmission schemes in time-division duplex (TDD) networks. The problem addressed is ensuring backward compatibility while introducing new subframe configurations for enhanced data transmission. The solution involves a method for configuring subframes in a wireless communication system where a first set of subframes is allocated for new transmission schemes, and a second set of subframes is reserved for legacy operations. The second set includes at least one downlink subframe for traditional downlink transmissions and/or at least one special subframe for legacy TDD operation. This ensures that legacy devices can continue functioning while the network supports advanced transmission techniques. The method dynamically adjusts subframe allocations to balance between new and legacy transmissions, optimizing spectrum usage and maintaining service continuity. The special subframe in the second set facilitates guard periods and switching between uplink and downlink directions, critical for TDD systems. The downlink subframe in the second set allows backward-compatible data transmission to legacy devices that do not support the new transmission schemes. This approach enhances network flexibility and efficiency without disrupting existing services.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein partitioning the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes comprises partitioning the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes based on at least one criteria selected from a ratio of legacy wireless devices and sTTI wireless devices and a ratio of downlink and uplink traffic of legacy wireless devices.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically methods for partitioning subframes to optimize resource allocation between legacy wireless devices and short transmission time interval (sTTI) wireless devices. The problem addressed is the inefficient use of wireless resources when legacy devices and sTTI devices share the same subframes, leading to suboptimal performance for both types of devices. The method involves partitioning a plurality of subframes into at least two sets based on specific criteria. One criterion is the ratio of legacy wireless devices to sTTI wireless devices in the network. Another criterion is the ratio of downlink and uplink traffic generated by legacy devices. By analyzing these ratios, the subframes can be dynamically allocated to either legacy or sTTI devices to improve overall system efficiency. For example, if there is a high ratio of sTTI devices, more subframes may be allocated to sTTI transmissions, while a high ratio of legacy device downlink traffic may lead to more subframes being reserved for legacy downlink transmissions. This partitioning ensures that each type of device receives appropriate resources, reducing interference and improving data throughput. The method may also involve adjusting the partitioning in real-time based on changing network conditions, such as fluctuations in device ratios or traffic patterns.
10. A method of operation of a network node of a cellular communications network, comprising: partitioning a plurality of subframes into at least two sets of subframes, the at least two sets of subframes comprising a first set of subframes for legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions and a second set of subframes for short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions, wherein partitioning the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes comprises: selecting at least one uplink subframe index; selecting zero, one, or two or more downlink subframe indices that are predefined as optional downlink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one uplink subframe index; forming the first set of subframes for legacy TDD transmissions using the at least one uplink subframe index and the zero, one, or two or more downlink subframe indices; and forming the second set of subframes for sTTI TDD transmissions using a complement of the first set of subframes within a radio frame; and performing one or more telecommunications functions according to the at least two sets of subframes.
This invention relates to cellular communications networks, specifically improving the efficiency of Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions by dynamically partitioning subframes to support both legacy TDD and short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions. The problem addressed is the need to optimize resource allocation in TDD networks to accommodate both traditional and low-latency communication requirements. The method involves partitioning subframes within a radio frame into at least two sets. The first set is designated for legacy TDD transmissions, while the second set is allocated for sTTI TDD transmissions. The partitioning process begins by selecting at least one uplink subframe index. Corresponding downlink subframe indices are then chosen from predefined optional downlink subframe indices that align with the selected uplink subframe index. These selected indices form the first set for legacy TDD. The remaining subframes, which are the complement of the first set within the radio frame, constitute the second set for sTTI TDD transmissions. The network node then performs telecommunications functions based on these partitioned subframe sets, ensuring efficient use of resources for both legacy and sTTI transmissions. This approach allows for flexible resource allocation, reducing latency for sTTI transmissions while maintaining compatibility with existing TDD systems.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the at least two sets of subframes vary from one radio frame to another in accordance with a predefined pattern.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically methods for managing subframe configurations in radio frames to improve communication efficiency and reliability. The problem addressed is the need to dynamically adapt subframe allocations across different radio frames to optimize resource utilization and accommodate varying traffic demands or interference conditions. The method involves configuring at least two distinct sets of subframes within a radio frame, where each set is assigned specific roles or functions, such as uplink, downlink, or special subframes. The key innovation is that the allocation of these subframes varies between consecutive radio frames according to a predefined pattern. This pattern ensures that subframe configurations are periodically adjusted, allowing the system to balance different communication needs over time. For example, the pattern may alternate between configurations that prioritize uplink or downlink traffic, or adjust based on detected interference levels. The predefined pattern can be based on system requirements, such as latency constraints, throughput demands, or interference mitigation strategies. By dynamically reconfiguring subframes across frames, the system can improve overall performance, reduce collisions, and enhance spectral efficiency. This approach is particularly useful in time-division duplex (TDD) systems where uplink and downlink transmissions share the same frequency band. The method ensures that subframe assignments are predictable yet flexible, enabling efficient scheduling and resource allocation.
12. A network node for a cellular communications network, comprising: a processor; and memory comprising instructions executable by the processor whereby the network node is operable to: partition a plurality of subframes into at least two sets of subframes, the at least two sets of subframes comprising a first set of subframes for legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions and a second set of subframes for short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions, wherein the network node is operable to partition the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes by: selecting at least one downlink subframe index; selecting all mandatory uplink subframe indices that are predefined as being mandatory uplink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one downlink subframe index; selecting zero, one, or two or more optional uplink subframe indices that are predefined as being optional uplink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one downlink subframe index; forming the first set of subframes for legacy TDD transmissions using the at least one downlink subframe index, the mandatory uplink subframe indices, and the zero, one, or two or more optional uplink subframe indices; and forming the second set of subframes for sTTI TDD transmissions using a complement of the first set of subframes within a radio frame; and perform one or more telecommunications functions according to the at least two sets of subframes.
In cellular communications networks, efficient use of radio resources is critical for supporting both legacy and advanced transmission schemes. A network node is configured to manage subframe partitioning to accommodate both traditional Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions. The node partitions subframes into at least two sets: one for legacy TDD and another for sTTI TDD. The partitioning process involves selecting downlink subframe indices and corresponding mandatory uplink subframe indices, which are predefined. Additionally, optional uplink subframe indices may be included, allowing flexibility in configuration. The first set of subframes for legacy TDD is formed using the selected downlink, mandatory uplink, and optional uplink subframes. The second set, for sTTI TDD, consists of the remaining subframes within the radio frame. The network node then performs telecommunications functions based on these partitioned sets, enabling coexistence of legacy and sTTI transmissions. This approach optimizes resource allocation while maintaining compatibility with existing TDD configurations.
13. The network node of claim 12 , wherein the at least two sets of subframes are the same for all radio frames within a defined time period.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically to a network node that manages subframe configurations for efficient data transmission. The problem addressed is the need for consistent and predictable subframe allocation across multiple radio frames to improve synchronization and resource utilization in wireless networks. The network node includes a processor and a memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to allocate at least two sets of subframes for different purposes, such as data transmission and control signaling. These subframes are configured to be identical across all radio frames within a defined time period, ensuring uniformity in scheduling and reducing complexity in resource management. The network node may also adjust the subframe configurations dynamically based on network conditions, such as traffic load or interference levels, while maintaining consistency within the defined time period. The invention further includes mechanisms for coordinating subframe allocation with other network nodes to avoid conflicts and optimize overall network performance. By standardizing subframe patterns, the network node enhances reliability and efficiency in wireless communications, particularly in scenarios requiring synchronized operations, such as machine-type communications or ultra-reliable low-latency services. The solution is applicable to various wireless standards, including 5G and beyond.
14. The network node of claim 12 , wherein the at least two sets of subframes are the same for all radio frames within a defined time period.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically to a network node that manages subframe configurations for efficient data transmission. The problem addressed is optimizing resource allocation in wireless networks by ensuring consistent subframe patterns over time, which improves synchronization and reduces overhead. The network node is configured to allocate at least two sets of subframes for different purposes, such as data transmission and control signaling. These subframes are structured in radio frames, and the key innovation is that the subframe sets remain identical across all radio frames within a defined time period. This consistency simplifies scheduling, reduces signaling overhead, and enhances reliability by ensuring predictable resource availability. The network node may also dynamically adjust the subframe sets based on network conditions, such as traffic load or interference levels, while maintaining the same subframe pattern within each defined time period. This allows for flexible resource management without disrupting synchronization. The invention is particularly useful in LTE or 5G networks where efficient subframe allocation is critical for maintaining high data rates and low latency. By standardizing subframe configurations over time, the network node ensures stable performance and reduces the complexity of scheduling algorithms.
15. The network node of claim 12 , wherein the first set of subframes comprise an uplink subframe index for legacy uplink transmission whose corresponding retransmission subframe index is the same as the uplink subframe index.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically improving uplink transmission efficiency in networks supporting both legacy and new radio (NR) devices. The problem addressed is the inefficiency in retransmission scheduling for legacy uplink transmissions, where retransmissions may not align optimally with available subframes, leading to delays or wasted resources. The invention describes a network node configured to manage uplink transmissions in a wireless communication system. The network node includes a processor and a memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to allocate a first set of subframes for uplink transmissions from legacy devices. These subframes are designated for initial transmissions and have a specific uplink subframe index. The network node also allocates a second set of subframes for retransmissions, where the retransmission subframe index matches the uplink subframe index of the corresponding initial transmission. This ensures that retransmissions occur in the same subframe as the initial transmission, simplifying scheduling and reducing delays. Additionally, the network node may allocate a third set of subframes for new radio (NR) devices, which may operate independently of the legacy subframe structure. The system may also include a transceiver for communicating with user devices and a scheduler for managing subframe assignments. The invention improves efficiency by aligning retransmissions with initial transmissions, minimizing scheduling complexity and resource waste.
16. The network node of claim 12 , wherein the second set of subframes comprises at least one downlink subframe for legacy downlink transmission and/or at least one special subframe for legacy TDD operation.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically to network nodes in time-division duplex (TDD) networks that support both legacy and new radio (NR) operations. The problem addressed is the coexistence of legacy TDD systems with newer NR systems in the same frequency band, ensuring efficient resource allocation while maintaining backward compatibility. The network node includes a processor configured to manage subframe configurations for downlink and uplink transmissions. It dynamically allocates subframes to support both legacy TDD operations and new radio (NR) transmissions. The node includes a first set of subframes for NR downlink and uplink transmissions and a second set of subframes for legacy operations. The second set includes at least one downlink subframe for legacy downlink transmission and/or at least one special subframe for legacy TDD operation, ensuring backward compatibility with existing devices. The node also includes a transmitter and receiver to handle communications in these subframes, with the processor coordinating the timing and allocation to avoid interference and optimize resource usage. This approach allows seamless integration of NR and legacy systems in shared spectrum, improving spectral efficiency while maintaining service continuity for legacy devices.
17. The network node of claim 12 , wherein partitioning the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes comprises partitioning the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes based on at least one criteria selected from a ratio of legacy wireless devices and sTTI wireless devices and a ratio of downlink and uplink traffic of legacy wireless devices.
This invention relates to wireless communication systems, specifically to a network node that optimizes subframe partitioning to improve coexistence between legacy wireless devices and short transmission time interval (sTTI) wireless devices. The problem addressed is inefficient resource allocation in heterogeneous networks where different device types have varying latency and throughput requirements. The network node partitions subframes into at least two sets based on criteria such as the ratio of legacy devices to sTTI devices or the ratio of downlink to uplink traffic for legacy devices. This partitioning ensures that resources are allocated dynamically to meet the specific needs of each device type, enhancing overall network performance. The partitioning process involves analyzing traffic patterns and device distribution to determine optimal subframe assignments. By adapting subframe allocation based on real-time conditions, the network node reduces interference and improves spectral efficiency. This approach is particularly useful in dense wireless environments where both legacy and sTTI devices operate simultaneously, ensuring fair and efficient resource utilization. The invention enhances network capacity and user experience by dynamically adjusting subframe configurations to balance the demands of different device types and traffic patterns.
18. A network node for a cellular communications network, comprising: a processor; and memory comprising instructions executable by the processor whereby the network node is operable to: partition a plurality of subframes into at least two sets of subframes, the at least two sets of subframes comprising a first set of subframes for legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions and a second set of subframes for short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions, wherein the network node is further operable to partition the plurality of subframes into the at least two sets of subframes by: selecting at least one uplink subframe index; selecting zero, one, or two or more downlink subframe indices that are predefined as optional downlink subframe indices corresponding to the at least one uplink subframe index; forming the first set of subframes for legacy TDD transmissions using the at least one uplink subframe index and the zero, one, or two or more downlink subframe indices; and forming the second set of subframes for sTTI TDD transmissions using a complement of the first set of subframes within a radio frame; and perform one or more telecommunications functions according to the at least two sets of subframes.
In cellular communications networks, efficient use of radio resources is critical for supporting both legacy and advanced transmission schemes. Legacy Time Division Duplexing (TDD) transmissions rely on predefined subframe configurations, while short Transmit Time Interval (sTTI) TDD transmissions require more flexible subframe allocation to accommodate lower-latency communications. The challenge is to dynamically partition subframes to support both legacy and sTTI TDD transmissions without disrupting existing services. A network node in a cellular network addresses this by partitioning subframes into at least two sets: one for legacy TDD transmissions and another for sTTI TDD transmissions. The partitioning process involves selecting at least one uplink subframe index and zero, one, or more predefined downlink subframe indices corresponding to the uplink subframe index. These selected subframes form the first set for legacy TDD transmissions. The remaining subframes in the radio frame, which are the complement of the first set, form the second set for sTTI TDD transmissions. The network node then performs telecommunications functions according to the partitioned subframes, ensuring coexistence of legacy and sTTI TDD transmissions. This approach optimizes resource allocation while maintaining compatibility with existing TDD configurations.
19. The network node of claim 18 , wherein the at least two sets of subframes vary from one radio frame to another in accordance with a predefined pattern.
A network node in a wireless communication system dynamically allocates subframes to different sets based on a predefined pattern that changes between radio frames. The node includes a processor configured to assign at least two sets of subframes to different purposes, such as uplink, downlink, or special subframes, and adjusts these assignments across consecutive radio frames according to a repeating or configurable pattern. This approach allows flexible resource allocation to adapt to varying traffic conditions, interference management, or network load. The predefined pattern ensures predictable behavior while enabling dynamic reconfiguration without requiring frequent signaling updates. The solution addresses the need for efficient subframe utilization in time-division duplex (TDD) systems, where uplink and downlink transmissions share the same frequency band but must be carefully scheduled to avoid collisions and optimize throughput. By varying subframe assignments periodically, the network can balance resource allocation dynamically while maintaining synchronization and minimizing overhead. This method is particularly useful in heterogeneous networks where interference coordination between cells is critical.
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November 3, 2020
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