On-chip assay for environmental surveillance

The subject invention provides methods and means to detect incidents of accidental or intentional release of chemical and biological toxins into the environment by measuring cellular stress-induced proteins in eukaryotic cells exposed to environmental samples suspected of containing chemical or biological toxins using a highly sensitive on-chip surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-linked immunosensors assay allowing robust, fast, and reliable in-the-field global sensing of environmental threats in resource-limited settings.