An Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-based noise estimation process is disclosed herein that allows for blind estimations of noise power for a given signal under test. The EMD-based noise estimation process is non-parametric and adaptive to a signal, which allows the EMD-based noise estimation process to operate without necessarily having a priori knowledge about the received signal. Existing approaches to spectrum sensing such as Energy Detector (ED) and Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), for example, may be modified to utilize a EMD-based noise estimation process consistent with the present disclosure to shift the same from semi-blind category to fully-blind category.
Legal claims defining the scope of protection, as filed with the USPTO.
1. A system comprising: a controller configured to: decompose a received signal into a plurality of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), the plurality of IMFs including a first IMF capturing the highest frequencies of the received signal; determine a power of the first IMF; and determine an estimated total noise power for the received signal based on the determined power of the first IMF and not based on a determined power of any of the plurality of IMFs subsequent to the first IMF, and provide an output representative of the estimated total noise power; provide a spectrum availability output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest in the received signal for the cognitive radio; and a transmitter configured to transmit a signal in the unoccupied portions of the bandwidth of interest.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the estimated total noise power of the signal is based at least in part on an empirical ratio β defined as:, β = σ ^ c 1 2 σ w 2 where {circumflex over (σ)}c12, is an estimated variance of the first IMF and σw2 is a total noise power of the signal.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system determines a scale factor based on the empirical ratio (β), and wherein the estimated total noise power is based on multiplying the determined power of the first IMF by the scale factor.
4. A method comprising: receiving, by a controller, a received signal; decomposing, by the controller, the received signal into a plurality of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) process, the plurality of IMFs including a first IMF capturing the highest frequencies of the received signal; determining, by the controller, an estimated total noise power for the received signal based on a determined power of the first IMF and not based on a determined power of any of the plurality of IMFs subsequent to the first IMF, and provide an output representative of the estimated total noise power; providing, by the controller, a spectrum availability output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest in the received signal; outputting, by the controller, the output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest to a transmitter; and transmitting, by the transmitter, a signal in the unoccupied portions of the bandwidth of interest.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: determining, by the controller, a detection threshold based on the estimated noise power; and comparing at least one IMF of the plurality of IMFs to the detection threshold to determine a selected channel or bandwidth of interest is occupied.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising reconstructing the plurality of IMFs, and wherein comparing the at least one IMF to the detection threshold includes comparing each IMF of the reconstructed IMFs to the detection threshold.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the estimated total noise power is determined, by the controller, based on a ratio (β) given by:, β = σ ^ c 1 2 σ w 2, where σc12 is an estimated overall variance of the first IMF and σw2 is the total noise power of the received signal.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising outputting the estimated noise power to an energy detector (ED).
9. A system comprising: a controller configured to: decompose a received signal into a plurality of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), the plurality of IMFs including a first IMF capturing the highest frequencies of the received signal; determine a power of the first IMF; and determine an estimated total noise power for the received signal based at least in part on the determined power of the first IMF, and provide an output representative of the estimated total noise power; provide a spectrum availability output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest in the received signal for the cognitive radio; and a transmitter configured to transmit a signal in the unoccupied portions of the bandwidth of interest, wherein the estimated total noise power of the signal is based at least in part on an empirical ratio β defined as:, β = σ ^ c 1 2 σ w 2 where σc12 is an estimated variance of the first IMF and σw2 is a total noise power of the signal.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the system determines a scale factor based on the empirical ratio (β), and wherein the estimated total noise power is based on multiplying the determined power of the first IMF by the scale factor.
11. A method comprising: receiving, by a controller, a received signal; decomposing, by the controller, the received signal into a plurality of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) process, the plurality of IMFs including a first IMF capturing the highest frequencies of the received signal; determining, by the controller, an estimated total noise power for the received signal based at least in part on a determined power of the first IMF, and provide an output representative of the estimated total noise power; providing, by the controller, a spectrum availability output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest in the received signal; outputting, by the controller, the output representative of unoccupied portions of a bandwidth of interest to a transmitter; and transmitting, by the transmitter, a signal in the unoccupied portions of the bandwidth of interest, wherein the estimated total noise power is determined, by the controller, based on a ratio (β) given by:, β = σ ^ c 1 2 σ w 2, where {circumflex over (σ)}c12 is an estimated overall variance of the first IMF and σw2 is the total noise power of the received signal.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining, by the controller, a detection threshold based on the estimated noise power; and comparing at least one IMF of the plurality of IMFs to the detection threshold to determine a selected channel or bandwidth of interest is occupied.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising reconstructing the plurality of IMFs, and wherein comparing the at least one IMF to the detection threshold includes comparing each IMF of the reconstructed IMFs to the detection threshold.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising outputting the estimated noise power to an energy detector (ED).
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October 29, 2021
March 25, 2025
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