Local services in quantum isolation zones

Quantum computing utilizes qubits to perform quantum calculations. Qubits are finite resources. As quantum computing continues to increase in popularity and become more commonplace, an ability to programmatically coordinate access to qubits will be desirable.

The examples disclosed herein implement local services in quantum isolation zones (QIZs). In particular, in response to a request, a criterion, or some other trigger, a QIZ controller initiates a local service of a global service provided on the quantum computing system to provide service for a QIZ.

In one example a method is provided. The method includes making, by a QIZ controller executing on a quantum computing system, a determination to initiate, for a first QIZ of a plurality of different QIZs, a first local service instance of a global service instance that is executing on the quantum computing system, the first QIZ having a first set of qubits associated therewith. The method further includes causing, by the QIZ controller, the first local service instance to be initiated. The method further includes modifying, by the QIZ controller, a local service data structure to indicate that the first local service instance is associated with the first QIZ.

In another example a quantum computing system is provided. The quantum computing system includes a memory, and a processor device coupled to the memory. The processor device is to make a determination to initiate, for a first QIZ of a plurality of different QIZs, a first local service instance of a global service instance that is executing on the quantum computing system, the first QIZ having a first set of qubits associated therewith. The processor device is further to cause the first local service instance to be initiated. The processor device is further to modify a local service data structure to indicate that the first local service instance is associated with the first QIZ.

In another example a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includes executable instructions to cause a processor device on a quantum computing system to make a determination to initiate, for a first QIZ, a first local service instance of a global service instance, the first QIZ having a first set of qubits associated therewith. The instructions further cause the processor device to cause the first local service instance to be initiated. The instructions further cause the processor device to modify a local service data structure to indicate that the first local service instance is associated with the first QIZ, and route a service request to the first local service instance.

Individuals will appreciate the scope of the disclosure and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description of the examples in association with the accompanying drawing figures.

The examples set forth below represent the information to enable individuals to practice the examples and illustrate the best mode of practicing the examples. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, individuals will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.

Any flowcharts discussed herein are necessarily discussed in some sequence for purposes of illustration, but unless otherwise explicitly indicated, the examples are not limited to any particular sequence of steps. The use herein of ordinals in conjunction with an element is solely for distinguishing what might otherwise be similar or identical labels, such as “first message” and “second message,” and does not imply a priority, a type, an importance, or other attribute, unless otherwise stated herein. The term “about” used herein in conjunction with a numeric value means any value that is within a range of ten percent greater than or ten percent less than the numeric value. As used herein and in the claims, the articles “a” and “an” in reference to an element refers to “one or more” of the element unless otherwise explicitly specified. The word “or” as used herein and in the claims is inclusive unless contextually impossible. As an example, the recitation of A or B means A, or B, or both A and B.

Quantum computing utilizes qubits to perform quantum calculations. Qubits are finite resources, but as the technology evolves, quantum computing systems are implementing larger and larger numbers of qubits. As quantum computing continues to increase in popularity and become more commonplace, it is increasingly important for the operating system to control access to qubits to, for example, ensure that one quantum process does not inadvertently access a qubit utilized by another quantum process, ensure that qubits containing private information can only be accessed by quantum processes that should have access to such private information, and to generally isolate one quantum process from another quantum process.

The examples disclosed herein implement quantum isolation zones (QIZs) that ensure a quantum process can only access qubits allocated to the QIZ in which the quantum process executes, and has no visibility to or ability to access qubits allocated to other QIZs or that are otherwise implemented on the quantum computing system. The examples also implement quantum process relationship graphs that facilitate visibility of qubits by a plurality of quantum processes that execute within a QIZ and that have relationships with one another. A first quantum process executing in a QIZ that is not related to a second quantum process executing in the same QIZ has no visibility to the qubits allocated to the second quantum process. Thus, the examples facilitate isolation even within the same QIZ, or qubit sharing within the same QIZ among related quantum processes.

Additional examples disclosed herein implement local services in QIZs. In particular, in response to a request, a criterion, or some other trigger, a local service instance of a global service provided on the quantum computing system may be initiated for a QIZ. The implementation of local services in a QIZ eliminates an otherwise single-threaded nature of a global service and thus implements scalability on the quantum computing system as the numbers of qubits and QIZs implemented by the quantum computing system increase in quantity.

In one example a QIZ controller may make a determination to initiate, for a QIZ, a local service instance of a global service instance that is executing on the quantum computing system. The QIZ controller may initiate the local service instance based on a request, a criterion, or some other trigger. The QIZ controller modifies a local service data structure to indicate that the local service is associated with the QIZ. Subsequent requests by quantum processes associated with the QIZ for services implemented by the global service are routed by the QIZ controller to the local service in a manner that is transparent to the service requestor, reducing the load on the global service and decreasing the amount of time it would otherwise take to respond to the request.

are block diagrams of an environment, at successive points in time, in which QIZs can be practiced according to one implementation. Referring first to, an environmentincludes a quantum computing systemthat operates in a quantum environment but can operate using classical computing principles or quantum computing principles. When using quantum computing principles, the quantum computing systemperforms computations that utilize quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement. The quantum computing systemmay operate under certain environmental conditions, such as at or near 0° Kelvin. When using classical computing principles, the quantum computing systemutilizes binary digits that have a value of either 1 or 0.

The quantum computing systemincludes at least one processor deviceand at least one memory. The quantum computing systemimplements twelve qubits---(generally, qubits). The quantum computing systemincludes a qubit registrythat maintains information about the qubits---, including, by way of non-limiting example, a total qubits counterthat identifies the total number of qubitsimplemented by the quantum computing systemand a total available qubits counterthat maintains count of the total number of qubitsthat are currently available for allocation.

The qubit registryalso maintains qubit metadata, which comprises a plurality of metadata records---(generally, metadata records), each of which maintains information about a corresponding qubit---. Each metadata recordincludes a qubit identifier (QID)that contains an identifier of the qubit---to which the respective metadata recordcorresponds, a system availability status (SAS)that identifies whether the corresponding qubitis available for allocation at the quantum computing system level, a QIZ identifier (QIZID)that identifies the QIZ, if any, to which the corresponding qubithas been allocated, and a QIZ availability status (QIZAS)that identifies whether the corresponding qubit, if allocated to a QIZ, is available in the QIZ or has been allocated to a quantum process executing in the QIZ. Each metadata recordalso includes a process identifierof the quantum process, if any, to which the corresponding qubithas been allocated, a parent identifierthat identifies a parent quantum process, if any, of the quantum process to which the corresponding qubithas been assigned, and a child identifierthat identifies a child quantum process, if any, of the quantum process to which the corresponding qubithas been assigned. Each metadata recordmay also include additional metadatanot relevant to the examples disclosed herein, such as metadata indicating a real-time state of the corresponding qubit, such as whether the qubitis in an entangled state, is in superposition, or the like. While solely for purposes of illustration the quantum computing systemis described as having only twelve qubits, it is apparent that the quantum computing systemmay have hundreds or thousands of qubitsin some implementations.

At the point in time illustrated in, the qubitsare unallocated, and thus, the system availability statusfor each metadata recordhas a value of “A” indicating that the corresponding qubitis available. The values of the other fields in the metadata recordsare “NULL”, which can comprise any value that indicates that the field is empty.

The quantum computing systemincludes a QIZ controllerthat, as described in greater detail below, operates to establish QIZs in which quantum processes execute and have access to allocated qubits, but no access or only controlled access to qubitsallocated to other QIZs. The QIZ controllermay be an operating system component, such as a kernel module or the like, of an operating system. The QIZ controllermay run at a ring 0 level of the processor deviceand thus execute in a kernel mode and a kernel space rather than as a user process in a user space. The quantum computing systemincludes a task managerthat is configured to initiate a quantum process from a quantum program file, such as a quantum assembly language (QASM) file, or the like. In this example, a storage devicecontains a plurality of QASM files---N, each of which includes quantum programming instructions that, when executed, implement a desired functionality.

The quantum computing systemmay include a QIZ allocation user interface (UI)that allows an operatorto interact with the QIZ controllerto establish a QIZ. The quantum computing systemmay also include an operating system (OS) qubit interfacethat is invoked when a quantum process attempts to read, write, or otherwise query a qubit. The OS qubit interface, in turn, communicates with the QIZ controller, or, in other implementations, the QIZ controllermay be integrated with the OS qubit interface.

Assume that the QIZ controllerreceives a request from a requestor to allocate a first group of qubitsfrom available qubitsto establish a first QIZ that limits visibility of any quantum process associated with the first QIZ to only the qubitsin the first group of qubits. The request may identify the number of qubitsand, if applicable, other criteria, such as a particular type of qubit, or any other desired characteristics of the qubits.

In one example, the requestor may be the QIZ allocation UIwhich makes the request in response to input from the operator. In another example, the request may be a programmatic request from a process executing on the quantum computing systemor elsewhere. In this example, the request indicated that six qubitswere to be allocated to the QIZ. The request may come directly to the QIZ controller, or indirectly via the OS qubit interface. The QIZ controlleraccesses the qubit metadataand identifies six qubitsthat have a system availability statusthat indicates the qubitsare available. In this example, the QIZ controllerdetermined that the six qubits---were available based on the system availability statusof the metadata records---.

Referring now to, the QIZ controllermodifies the system availability statusof the metadata records---with a value of “NA” (not available) to indicate that the six qubits---are no longer available for allocation. The QIZ controllerobtains a unique QIZ identifier, in this example, “Z1”, and modifies the QIZ IDto indicate that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controllermay generate the unique QIZ ID or be provided the unique QIZ ID by the requestor or some other mechanism. The QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusto indicate that the qubits---are available for allocation within the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controllermodifies the total available qubits counterto indicate that six qubits(i.e., qubits---) are now available for allocation to a QIZ.

For purposes of illustration, a logical QIZ Z1 is illustrated in dashed lines in the Figures to facilitate an understanding of the isolation and relationship aspects of QIZs implemented by the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the QIZ Z1 illustrated in the Figures in dashed outline is a logical depiction only provided for ease of understanding and that the functionality of the QIZ Z1 is implemented via the QIZ controller, the qubit metadata, and other components as described herein.

Assume that the task managerreceives a request to initiate a quantum process based on the QASM file-into the QIZ Z1. The request may be contained in a schedule, may be received programmatically, or may be initiated via input from the operator. The task managermay access the QASM file-and parse the QASM file-to determine that, during execution, a quantum process initiated from the QASM file-will utilize two qubits. In other implementations, the number of qubitsto be allocated to the quantum process may be contained in the request to initiate the quantum process. The task managersends a request to the QIZ controllerfor an allocation of two qubitsfrom the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controllerreceives the request to allocate two qubitsin the QIZ Z1 to a quantum process that is, or will be, associated with the QIZ Z1. Based on the metadata records, the QIZ controllerdetermines that the qubits-and-are available for allocation within the QIZ Z1.

Referring now to, the QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata records-and-to indicate that the corresponding qubits-and-have been allocated and thus are no longer available for allocation (e.g., “NA”). The QIZ controllerprovides the qubit IDs of the qubits-and-to the task manager. The task managerinitiates a quantum process(“PA”) into the QIZ Z1 with location/address information of the qubits-and-. The task managerprovides a unique program ID (PID) of the quantum process(“PA_PID”) to the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllermaintains a mapping recordthat maps the PID to the QIZ Z1. The quantum processis now said to “execute in” or be “associated with” the QIZ Z1, because the visibility of and access to the qubits---is now constrained by the QIZ Z1.

As an example, assume that, at the point in time illustrated in, the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto obtain a list of qubit IDs of all qubitsto which the quantum processhas access (i.e., read access and/or write access) or which are available for allocation. The OS qubit interfacecommunicates with the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerdetermines the PID of the requestor, in this case the PID PA_PID, which is the PID of the quantum process. The QIZ controlleraccesses the mapping recordand determines that the quantum processis associated with the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controlleraccesses the metadata recordsand determines that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z1, and that the four qubits---are available. Because the qubits-and-have already been allocated to the quantum process, and the four qubits---are available, the QIZ controllerreturns the qubit IDs of the qubits---to the quantum processvia the OS qubit interface, indicating that the quantum processhas access to the qubits-and-and that the qubits---are available for allocation. Thus, from the perspective of the quantum process, the quantum computing systemcontains four available qubits, and the quantum processis unaware of and unable to access (e.g., is isolated from) the actual additional available qubits---.

Assume that, in response to the information that the qubits---are available, the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto have an additional qubitallocated to the quantum process. The OS qubit interfaceprovides the request to the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerthen selects one of the qubits---, modifies the appropriate metadata recordto indicate the qubitis now allocated to the quantum process, and returns information to the quantum processidentifying the allocated qubit. Note that this is merely an example of a potential action that the quantum processmay take, and is thus not reflected in the metadata recordsillustrated in.

Assume that the task managerreceives a request to initiate a quantum process based on the QASM file-into the QIZ Z1. The task managermay access the QASM file-and parse the QASM file-to determine that, during execution, the quantum process will utilize one qubit. The task managersends a request to the QIZ controllerfor an allocation of one qubitfrom the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controllerreceives the request to allocate one qubit in the QIZ Z1 to a quantum process that is, or will be, associated with the QIZ Z1. Based on the metadata records, the QIZ controllerdetermines that the qubit-is available for allocation within the QIZ Z1. Referring now to, the QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata record-to indicate that the corresponding qubit-has been allocated and thus is no longer available for allocation (e.g., “NA”).

The QIZ controllerprovides the qubit ID of the qubit-to the task manager. The task managerinitiates a quantum process(“PB”) into the QIZ Z1 with location information of the qubit-. The task managerprovides a unique PID of the quantum process(“PB_PID”) to the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllermaintains a mapping recordthat maps the PID to the QIZ Z1. The quantum processis now said to “execute in” or be “associated with” the QIZ Z1.

Assume that, at the point in time illustrated in, subsequent to the allocation of the qubit-to the quantum process, the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto obtain a list of qubit IDs of all qubitsto which the quantum processhas access (i.e., read access and/or write access) and which are available for allocation. The OS qubit interfacecommunicates with the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerdetermines the PID of the requestor, in this case the PID PA_PID, which is the PID of the quantum process. The QIZ controlleraccesses the mapping recordand determines that the quantum processis associated with the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controlleraccesses the metadata recordsand determines that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z1, the qubit-has been allocated to the quantum process, and that the three qubits---are available. Based on the metadata record-, the QIZ controllerdetermines that the quantum processis not related to the quantum processbecause the parent identifierand the child identifierare NULL, indicating that the quantum processhas no parent process or child process at this time. Because the quantum processand the quantum processare unrelated, the quantum processhas no visibility to or access to qubitsallocated to the quantum process, and the quantum processhas no visibility to or access to qubitsallocated to the quantum process.

Because the qubit-has been allocated to the quantum process, and the three qubits---are available, the QIZ controllerreturns the qubit IDs of the qubits-,-,---to the quantum processvia the OS qubit interface, indicating that the quantum processhas access to the qubits-and-, and that the qubits---are available for allocation. The quantum processis thus unaware of the qubit-or the qubits---.

Referring now to, a QIZ relationship graph that establishes relationships among quantum processes in a QIZ will be discussed. Assume that, in a manner similar to that discussed above with regard to the quantum processesand, a quantum process(“PC”) is initiated from the QASM file-into the QIZ Z1 and allocated the qubit-. The QIZ controllergenerates a mapping recordthat maps the PID of the quantum process(“PC_PID”) to the QIZ Z1. However, in this example, the quantum processis identified as a child process of the quantum process. The designation may occur in any of several different manners. In one implementation, the task managermay communicate to the QIZ controllerthat the quantum processis to be designated a child process of the quantum process. In another example, the request to initiate the quantum processfrom the QASM file-, and to allocate a qubitto the quantum process, may originate from the quantum process. In this example, the act of the quantum processrequesting the initiation of the quantum processby itself identifies the parent-child relationship.

The QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata record-to indicate that the qubit-is no longer available for allocation. The QIZ controllermodifies the process identifierof the metadata record-to indicate that the qubit-is allocated to the quantum process. The QIZ controllermodifies the parent identifierof the metadata record-to indicate that the quantum processis a parent process of the quantum process. The QIZ controllermodifies the child identifierof the metadata records-and-to indicate that the quantum processis a child process of the quantum process.

Assume further that a quantum process(“PD”) is initiated from the QASM file-into the QIZ Z1 and allocated the qubit-. The QIZ controllergenerates a mapping recordthat maps the PID of the quantum process, PD_PID, to the QIZ Z1. In this example, the quantum processis also identified as a child process of the quantum process.

The QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata record-to indicate that the qubit-is no longer available for allocation. The QIZ controllermodifies the process identifierof the metadata record-to indicate that the qubit-is allocated to the quantum process. The QIZ controllermodifies the parent identifierof the metadata record-to indicate that the quantum processis a parent process of the quantum process. The QIZ controllermodifies the child identifierof the metadata records-and-to indicate that the quantum processis a child process of the quantum process.

The metadata records-,-,-and-establish a relationship graph that appears, logically, as that illustrated in the logical view of the QIZ Z1 in, such that the quantum processis the parent process of the child quantum processesand. As will be discussed herein, the relationship graph established in the metadata records-,-,-, and-impacts the visibility of qubitsby the quantum processes,,, and.

To illustrate the impact of the relationship graph in the QIZ Z1, assume that the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto obtain a list of qubit IDs of all qubitsto which the quantum processhas access (i.e., read access and/or write access) or which are available for allocation. The OS qubit interfacecommunicates with the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerdetermines the PID of the requestor, in this case the PID PA_PID, which is the PID of the quantum process. The QIZ controlleraccesses the mapping recordand determines that the quantum processis associated with the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controlleraccesses the metadata recordsand determines that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z1, and that the qubit-is available. The QIZ controlleralso determines that the qubits-and-have been allocated to the quantum process. The QIZ controllerdetermines that the quantum processhas two child processes executing in the QIZ Z1, the quantum processesand. Because the quantum processesandare child processes of the quantum process, the quantum processhas access to the qubits-and-allocated to the quantum processesand, respectively. The QIZ controllerreturns the qubit IDs of the qubits-,-, and---, indicating that the quantum processhas access to the qubits-,-,-, and-, and that the qubit-is available for allocation.

Assume next that the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto obtain a list of qubit IDs of all qubitsto which the quantum processhas access (i.e., read access and/or write access) or which are available for allocation. The OS qubit interfacecommunicates with the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerdetermines the PID of the requestor, in this case the PID PC_PID, which is the PID of the quantum process. The QIZ controlleraccesses the mapping recordand determines that the quantum processis associated with the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controlleraccesses the metadata recordsand determines that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z1, and that the qubit-is available. The QIZ controlleralso determines that the qubit-has been allocated to the quantum process. The QIZ controllerdetermines that the quantum processhas no child processes executing in the QIZ Z1, and that the quantum processis a parent process of the quantum process. Because the quantum processis a parent process of the quantum process, the quantum processhas access to the qubits-and-allocated to the quantum process. However, because the quantum processis neither a parent process nor a child process of the quantum process, the quantum processhas no visibility to the qubit-allocated to the quantum process. The QIZ controllerreturns the qubit IDs of the qubits-,-,-and-, indicating that the quantum processhas access to the qubits-,-, and-, and that the qubit-is available for allocation.

The QIZ controllerreceives a request, from a requestor, to allocate a second group of qubitsfrom available qubitsto establish a second QIZ that limits visibility of any quantum process associated with the second QIZ to only the qubitsin the second group of qubits. In this example, the request indicates that five qubitsare to be allocated to the second QIZ. The QIZ controlleraccesses the qubit metadataand identifies five qubitsthat have a system availability statusthat indicates the qubitsare available. In this example, the QIZ controllerdetermines that the five qubits---are available based on the system availability statusof the metadata records---. Referring now to, the QIZ controllermodifies the system availability statusof the metadata records---to indicate that the five qubits---are no longer available for allocation. The QIZ controllerobtains a unique QIZ identifier, in this example, “Z2”, and modifies the QIZ IDof the metadata records---to indicate that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z2. The QIZ controllermodifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata records---to indicate that the qubits---are available for allocation within the QIZ Z2. The QIZ controllermodifies the total available qubits counterto indicate that one qubit(i.e., qubit-) is now available for allocation to a QIZ.

Assume further that the task managerreceives a request to initiate a quantum process based on the QASM file-into the QIZ Z2. The task managermay access the QASM file-and parse the QASM file-to determine that, during execution, the quantum process initiated from the QASM file-will utilize one qubit. The task managersends a request to the QIZ controllerfor an allocation of one qubitfrom the QIZ Z2. The QIZ controllerreceives the request to allocate one qubit in the QIZ Z2 to a quantum process that is, or will be, associated with the QIZ Z2. Based on the metadata records, the QIZ controllerdetermines that the qubit-is available for allocation within the QIZ Z2 and modifies the QIZ availability statusof the metadata record-to indicate that the corresponding qubit-has been allocated and thus is no longer available for allocation (e.g., “NA”).

The QIZ controllerprovides the qubit ID of the qubit-to the task manager. The task managerinitiates a quantum process(“PE”) into the QIZ Z2 with location information of the qubit-. The task managerprovides a unique program ID (PID) (“PE_PID”) of the quantum processto the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllergenerates a mapping recordthat maps the PID to the QIZ Z2. The quantum processis now said to “execute in” or be “associated with” the QIZ Z2.

Assume that, at the point in time illustrated in, the quantum processissues a request to the OS qubit interfaceto obtain a list of qubit

IDs of all qubitsto which the quantum processhas access (i.e., read access and/or write access) or which are available for allocation. The OS qubit interfacecommunicates with the QIZ controller. The QIZ controllerdetermines the PID of the requestor, in this case the PID PE_PID, which is the PID of the quantum process. The QIZ controlleraccesses the mapping recordand determines that the quantum processis associated with the QIZ Z2. The QIZ controlleraccesses the metadata recordsand determines that the qubits---have been allocated to the QIZ Z2, and that the qubits---are available. Because the qubit-has already been allocated to the quantum processand the four qubits---are available, the QIZ controllerreturns the qubit IDs of the qubits---to the quantum processvia the OS qubit interface, indicating that the quantum processhas access to the qubit-, and that the qubits---are available for allocation. Thus, from the perspective of the quantum process, the quantum computing systemcontains four available qubits, and the quantum processis unaware of and unable to access (e.g., is isolated from) the qubits---and-.

It is noted that because the QIZ controlleris a component of the quantum computing system, functionality implemented by the QIZ controllermay be attributed to the quantum computing systemgenerally. Moreover, in examples where the QIZ controllercomprises software instructions that program the processor deviceto carry out functionality discussed herein, functionality implemented by the QIZ controllermay be attributed herein to the processor device.

is a flowchart of a method for implementing QIZs according to one implementation.will be discussed in conjunction with. The QIZ controllerreceives, from a requestor, a request to allocate a group of the qubitsfrom the plurality of available qubitsthat are implemented by the quantum computing systemand establish the QIZ Z1 that limits qubit visibility of any quantum process associated with the QIZ Z1 to only the qubitsin the group of qubits(, block). The QIZ controllerselects the first group of qubits---from the plurality of available qubits---(, block). The QIZ controllerobtains the QIZ identifier (QIZID) Z1 that uniquely identifies the QIZ Z1 (, block). The QIZ controllermodifies the qubit metadata records---of the group of qubits---to indicate that each qubitin the group of qubits---is associated with the QIZ Z1 (, block).

is a block diagram of an environment-for implementing local services in a QIZ according to one implementation. The environment-is substantially similar to the environmentexcept as otherwise noted herein. In this example, solely due to space constraints of, the quantum computing systemimplements eight qubits---. The QIZ controllerhas established the QIZ Z1 and the QIZ Z2. The QIZ Z1 has been allocated the four qubits---and the QIZ Z2 has been allocated the four qubits---. A quantum processis associated with, or “executes in” the QIZ Z1 and has been allocated the qubits-and-. A quantum processis associated with, or “executes in” the QIZ Z2 and has been allocated the qubit-.

The operating systemincludes a plurality of global service instances---. The term “instance” in this context refers to a running process. The global service instances---(generally global service instances) implement various services for processes that execute on the quantum computing system. The term “global service” refers to functionality that is offered to processes executing on the quantum computing system. As an example, the global service instance-may comprise a task manager that provides task management services for processes executing on the quantum computing system. The services provided by a global service instancemay be requested directly by a process executing on the quantum computing system, such as via an application programming interface, or indirectly in response to some requested operating system function, such as a read or write operation. The global service instancesmay be kernel processes that run in kernel space, and/or execute at ring 0 level of the processor device.

The QIZ controllermakes a determination that a local service instance of the global service instance-should be initiated. The determination may be made in any number of ways. In one example, the QIZ controllermay make the determination in response to receiving a request to initiate the local service instance. For example, the operatormay submit a request via the QIZ allocation UIto initiate, for a particular QIZ, a local service instance of the global service instance-. In another example, the QIZ controllermay access a threshold criterion, or criteria,, which identify criteria via which the QIZ controllershould make the determination to initiate a local service instance. In this example, a criterion-indicates that a local service instance of the global service instance-should be initiated when a QIZ has at least one quantum process associated therewith. A criterion-indicates that a local service instance of the global service instance-should be initiated when quantum processes associated with a QIZ are utilizing more than four quantum channels. A criterion-indicates that a local service instance of the global service instance-should be initiated when a message queue depth of a quantum process executing in a QIZ has a queue depth greater than ten messages. When the QIZ controllerdetermines that a threshold criterionhas been exceeded, the QIZ controllermakes the determination to initiate a local service instance of the global service instance that corresponds to the particular threshold criterion.

In this example, the QIZ controllerhas made the determination to initiate a local service instance of the global service instance-for the QIZ Z1. The QIZ controllercauses a local service instance-to be initiated. In one implementation, the QIZ controllermay cause the local service instance-to be initiated using, for example, a fork command to cause the local service instance-to be initiated as a child process of the QIZ controller. The local service instance-may run at a ring 0 level of the processor deviceand thus execute in a kernel mode and a kernel space rather than as a user process in a user space.

The QIZ controllermodifies a local service data structure, in this example a local service registry, to indicate that the local service instance-is associated with the QIZ Z1. In particular, the QIZ controllergenerates an entry-that includes a service identifierthat identifies the global service (e.g., “SERVICE1”) that is implemented by the local service instance-, a QIZ identifier(“Z1”) that identifies the QIZ with which the local service instance-is associated, and a program identifier (PID)(“A26B”) of the local service instance-. In some examples, the QIZ controllermay immediately put the local service instance-into a “wait” or “suspended” state such that the local service instance-cannot service a request until awakened by the QIZ controller.

The QIZ controllerhas also made the determination to initiate a local service instance of the global service instance-for the QIZ Z2. The QIZ controllercauses a local service instance-to be initiated. Again, the QIZ controllermay cause the local service instance-to be initiated using, for example, a fork command to cause the local service instance-to also be initiated as a child process of the QIZ controller. The local service instance-may run at a ring 0 level of the processor deviceand thus execute in a kernel mode and a kernel space rather than as a user process in a user space.