Thermal conductivity probe

This application is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 18/207,118 filed Jun. 7, 2023, titled Thermal Conductivity Probe, which application is a non-provisional patent application of (i) U.S. provisional patent application 63/330,776 filed Apr. 14, 2022, titled Thermal Conductivity Probe and (ii) U.S. provisional patent application 63/460,267 filed Apr. 18, 2023, titled Thermal Conductivity Probe.

This application claims the benefit of and/or priority to each of the foregoing patent applications and any and all parent, grandparent, and great-grandparent applications thereof. The foregoing patent applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein.

This disclosure relates generally to a thermal conductivity probe.

There is a growing need to accurately and easily calculate energy loss through various sediment types for power lines embedded below the ground surface. With embedded subsurface current transmission lines, energy loss is directly related to heat loss through the surrounding strata. Thus, in order to quantify energy loss, and determine the transmission efficiency, systems and methods for measuring the thermal conductivity of soil would be useful and are disclosed herein.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to a thermal conductivity probe. In one embodiment, a thermal conductivity probe includes, but is not limited to, at least one heating element, at least one thermal insulator, and at least one thermistor thermally isolated from the at least one heating element by the at least one thermal insulator.

In another embodiment, an attachment that couples to a cone penetration device (CPT) includes, but is not limited to, at least one heating element, at least one thermal insulator, at least one thermistor thermally isolated from the at least one heating element by the at least one thermal insulator, and a threaded member configured to removably couple to a CPT.

In a further embodiment, a thermal conductivity system includes, but is not limited to, at least one heating element, at least one thermal insulator, at least one thermistor thermally isolated from the at least one heating element by the at least one thermal insulator, and at least one processor configured to perform operations including at least control the at least one heating element, and measure temperature using the at least one thermistor over time.

This disclosure relates generally to a thermal conductivity probe. Certain embodiments are set forth in the following description and into provide a thorough understanding of such embodiments.

is a perspective view of a thermal conductivity probe, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, a thermal conductivity probeincludes, but is not limited to, at least one heating element, at least one thermal insulator; and at least one thermistorthermally isolated from the at least one heating elementby the at least one thermal insulator. In certain embodiments, the thermal conductivity probefurther includes thermistor, thermal insulator, thermal insulator, thermistor, thermal insulator, and thermistor. In further embodiments, the thermal conductivity probefurther includes CPTuwith friction sleeve, pore pressure element, and cone tip. Various embodiments of the thermal conductivity probeinclude various combinations of the foregoing elements, as further disclosed herein.

The knowledge of thermal conductivity in soil is important for several applications, including designing underground structures, determining heat loss and energy transmission efficiency of underground subsurface power and data lines, assessing heat transfer in geothermal systems, predicting soil temperature profiles, and understanding the energy balance in agricultural systems.

The thermal conductivity probeprovides a tool to measure in situ thermal conductivity through a subsurface soil profile. The thermal conductivity probeis designed to fit behind a cone penetration device CPTuthat will measure the thermal transmission and enable plotting of the result along with other CPT data such as depth, tip and sleeve resistance, pore pressure and inclination. The thermal conductivity probeis approximately 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) and 100-1000 mm in length (e.g., 425 mm). In operation, the thermal conductivity probeand CPTuare pushed into the soil with traditional CPT deployment frames. Typically, these deployment frames consist of a pair of hydraulic cylinders that can exert up to 20 metric tons of force. As the thermal conductivity probeand CPTare pushed to a depth of interest, typically 1-10 m (e.g., 2 m) below ground surface, the heating elementis energized and begins to heat the surrounding soil. The element reaches a prescribed temperature, such as between 50° C.-200° C. (e.g., 90° C.) and maintains that temperature for a prescribed length of time, such as 1 min-60 min, for example. The time may vary and is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity and density of the soil. Specifically, when the thermistorreads 1° C.-20° C. (e.g., 5° C.) above ambient temperature, the heating elementis turned off. The decay in temperature as measured using thermistoris then plotted against time and a temperature decay index is thus derived. This temperature decay index is then used to calculate heat loss along the transmission line.

In certain embodiments, the thermistor, thermal insulator, thermal insulator, thermistor, thermal insulator, and thermistorare provided. When the thermistorsand/orread 1° C.-20° C. (e.g., 5° C.) above ambient temperature, the heating elementis turned off. The decay in temperature is then plotted against time for each of the four thermistors,,, and. The slope of the four temperature decay curves is then averaged, and a mean temperature decay index is derived. This factor is then used to calculate heat loss along the transmission line.

In a further embodiment, the thermal conductivity probeincludes, but is not limited to a plurality of thermistors thermally isolated from the at least one heating element. The plurality of thermistors can include thermistorthermally isolated from heating elementby thermal insulatorand thermistorthermally isolated from thermistorby thermal insulator. Further, the plurality of thermistors can include thermistorthermally isolated from the heating elementby thermal insulatorand thermistorthermally isolated from thermistorby thermal insulator. Alternatively, the plurality of thermistors can include thermistorthermally isolated from heating elementby thermal insulationand thermistorthermally isolated from heating elementby thermal insulator.

The heating element disposed about a circumference along a section length of the thermal conductivity probe. For instance, the heating element can be a section of approximately 5 mm-100 mm (e.g., 45 mm) in length and 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) with a wall thickness of approximately 1 mm-50 mm. In certain embodiments, the heating element includes a plurality heating elements as discrete heat spots or areas arranged in a radial manner about a circumference of the thermal conductivity probe. The discrete hot spots or areas can be circular, square, rectangular, oval, or other regular or irregular shape. The plurality of heating elements can be simultaneously or independently engaged to create different temperature gradients about a perimeter of the thermal conductivity probe. This configuration enables measuring differences in thermal conductivity of soil along a length or in a particular area.

The heating element is configured to increase temperature and generate heat in the surrounding soil and there are several methods employable to achieve heating through these elements. Resistance Heating: This method utilizes the resistance of a material to electric current flow, causing it to heat up. The most common type of resistance heating element is made of nichrome wire, an alloy that has high electrical resistance and can withstand high temperatures. Induction Heating: Induction heating employs electromagnetic induction to heat an electrically conductive material. An alternating current (AC) is passed through an induction coil, creating a magnetic field. When a conductive material is placed within this field, eddy currents are induced, generating heat within the material. Convection Heating: Convection heating involves the transfer of heat through a fluid medium, such as air or water. Infrared Heating: Infrared heating uses electromagnetic radiation in the infrared spectrum to transfer heat directly to objects or surfaces.

The thermal insulator is disposed about a circumference along a section length of the thermal conductivity probe. For instance, the thermal insulator can be a section of approximately 5 mm-400 mm (e.g., 100 mm) in length and 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) with a wall thickness of approximately 1 mm-50 mm. Various different thermal insulator sizes and lengths can be provided to isolate thermistors, enabling measurements of thermal conductivity of soil or subsurface material across different distances using the heating element and thermistor. The use of various thermal insulator sizes enables measurements of local differences in thermal conductivity within a larger soil profile.

The thermal conductivity of the thermal conductivity probebetween the thermistor and the heating element should be as low as possible. This property ensures that changes in temperature detected by the thermistor are attributed to soil thermal conductivity and not due to thermal conductivity along a length of the thermal conductivity probe. Thus, the thermal insulator can be selected from many different types of material that are resistant to temperature. Polyimide (PI): Polyimide is a high-performance plastic known for its exceptional thermal stability and resistance to high temperatures. It can withstand continuous operating temperatures of up to 300° C. (572° F.) and short-term exposure to even higher temperatures. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK): PEEK is a high-performance thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties and temperature resistance. It can withstand continuous operating temperatures of up to 250° C. (482° F.) and short-term exposure to even higher temperatures. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS): PPS is a rigid engineering plastic known for its high temperature resistance. It can withstand continuous operating temperatures of up to 240° C. (464° F.) and has good chemical resistance as well. Polyetherimide (PEI): PEI is a high-temperature thermoplastic known for its excellent mechanical and electrical properties. It can withstand continuous operating temperatures of up to 180-200° C. (356-392° F.) without significant degradation. PTFE, often known by the brand name Teflon, is a versatile plastic with exceptional temperature resistance. It can withstand continuous operating temperatures of up to 260° C. (500° F.) and is also known for its low friction and excellent chemical resistance.

The thermistor is disposed about a circumference along a section length of the thermal conductivity probe. For instance, the thermistor can be a section of approximately 5 mm-50 mm (e.g., 10 mm) in length and 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) with a wall thickness of approximately 1 mm-50 mm. In one instance, the thermistor is defined by a wall section of thermal conductivity probe that includes thermally conductive material associated with one or more temperature sensors. In another instance, the thermistor is composed of one or a plurality of temperature sensors that are embedded in a sidewall about a circumference or along a length of the thermal conductivity probe. Thus, a discrete temperature level or temperature change in a region of soil around the thermal conductivity probeis measurable.

There are several technologies that can be used for the thermistor. Thermocouples: Thermocouples are made of two different metals or metal alloys connected at one end to form a junction. When the junction is exposed to a temperature gradient, it generates a voltage proportional to the temperature difference. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): RTDs are temperature sensors that use the principle of electrical resistance. They consist of a pure metal or a metal alloy wire wound around a core. As the temperature changes, the resistance of the wire changes in a predictable manner. Semiconductor: semiconductor devices exhibit a large change in resistance with temperature. They are typically made of ceramic or polymer materials with a highly nonlinear resistance-temperature relationship. Infrared (IR) Sensors: IR sensors measure temperature based on the thermal radiation emitted by an object. They detect the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by the object and convert it into temperature readings. Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensors: IC temperature sensors are small electronic devices that contain a temperature-sensitive component integrated with signal processing circuitry. These sensors provide digital temperature output and are often used in applications where size, accuracy, and convenience are important. Bimetallic Strips: Bimetallic strips consist of two different metals bonded together with different coefficients of thermal expansion. As the temperature changes, the bimetallic strip bends due to the unequal expansion of the metals. This bending can be used to measure temperature changes.

In one embodiment, a plurality of thermistorsandare provided, each separated from the at least one heating elementby a specified distance. Additionally, or alternatively, a plurality of thermistorsandare provided, each separated from the at least one heating elementby a specified distance. In one particular embodiment, a plurality of thermistorsandare provided, each separated from the at least one heating elementby a specified distance. In another embodiment, a plurality of two or more thermistors are provided on either side of the heating element, each separated from the at least one heating elementby a specified distance (e.g. 3-10 thermistors on either side of the heat element). The specified distance can be approximately 5 mm-400 mm (e.g., 100 mm) to sample temperature at different positions separated from the heating element.

Thermal conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat. In the context of soil, thermal conductivity refers to the ability of soil to transfer heat. It is an important property in various fields, including agriculture, geophysics, and civil engineering, as it influences processes such as heat transfer, temperature distribution, and the design of geothermal systems. Soil is a heterogeneous and porous medium composed of solid particles, water, and air. The thermal conductivity of soil depends on several factors, including its composition, moisture content, density, and temperature. One or a plurality of thermistorsseparated from the heating elementand insulated by one or more thermal insulatorsenables measurements of the thermal conductivity. Here are some key points about thermal conductivity in soil. Composition: The type and proportion of soil constituents significantly affect its thermal conductivity. Different minerals have varying thermal conductivities, with metals being the best conductors and insulating materials having lower conductivities. Soils with higher proportions of conductive minerals, such as sands and silts, generally have higher thermal conductivities compared to organic-rich soils or clays. Moisture Content: Water has a higher thermal conductivity than air or dry soil particles. Therefore, as the moisture content in soil increases, its thermal conductivity also tends to increase. Saturated soils with high water content have higher thermal conductivities compared to dry or partially saturated soils. Density: Compacted or denser soils tend to have higher thermal conductivities than loose or less dense soils. When soil particles are tightly packed, there is greater contact between particles, allowing heat to transfer more efficiently. Temperature: Thermal conductivity in soil can vary with temperature. In general, the thermal conductivity of soils tends to increase with temperature due to changes in the physical properties of water and air. However, the effect may be more pronounced at lower temperatures and become relatively constant at higher temperatures. Anisotropy: Soil thermal conductivity can exhibit anisotropic behavior, meaning it can vary with direction. This is often observed in layered or structured soils where the arrangement of soil particles influences the directionality of heat flow.

In a further embodiment, a plurality of thermistorsandflank the at least one heating element. For instance, thermistorcan be positioned above the heating elementand separated from the heating elementby the thermal insulator. The thermistorcan be positioned below the heating elementand separated from the heating elementby the thermal insulator. In certain embodiments, the thermistorand the thermistorare equidistant from the heating element. Alternatively, the thermistorandare differently spaced from the heating element. In some embodiments, a plurality of thermistors,,, andflank the heating element. Optionally, a plurality of heating elements can be interspersed between and flanked by a plurality of thermistors, with different thermistors being configured to sample temperature dynamically for any given one of the plurality of heating elements. Thus, the flanking of the heating elementby thermistorsandenables measurement of thermal conductivity of soil in different directions relative to the heating element. And, the optional inclusion of multiple heating elements and a plurality of interspersed thermistors enables measurement of thermal conductivity at one or more different depths along a column of the probe.

There can be differences in thermal conductivity with depth in soil and the flanking thermistorsinterspersed with one or a plurality of heating elementsat different positions along a length of the probecan enable more granular thermal conductivity of soil at different depths. These differences can arise due to several factors, including changes in soil composition, moisture content, and density. Soil Composition: The composition of soil can vary with depth. Different layers may have different proportions of minerals, organic matter, and moisture. Since different materials have varying thermal conductivities, the thermal conductivity of soil can change deeper into the soil profile. Moisture Content: Moisture content in soil often decreases with depth, especially in dry regions or well-drained soils. The presence of water in soil increases its thermal conductivity. So, if moisture content decreases with depth, the thermal conductivity of the soil may also decrease accordingly. Density and Compaction: Soil density and compaction can also vary with depth. Compacted or denser layers tend to have higher thermal conductivities compared to loose or less dense layers. Therefore, if there are variations in density or compaction deeper into the soil, it can result in differences in thermal conductivity. Geological and Environmental Factors: Geological factors, such as the presence of rock formations, bedrock, or soil horizons, can introduce variations in thermal conductivity with depth. Additionally, environmental factors like temperature gradients, groundwater movement, and soil disturbances can influence the distribution of thermal conductivity in the subsurface. Thus, conducting site-specific studies and measurements can provide a more accurate understanding of the thermal conductivity profile in a particular location. Profiling the thermal conductivity with depth is crucial for applications like geothermal energy systems, underground construction, and studying heat transfer in the subsurface. These profiles help in determining the thermal properties of different soil layers, understanding heat flow patterns, and optimizing the design and performance of related systems. Thus, various quantities of the thermistors can be provided with up to ten or more on one or both sides of the heating element, separated by thermal insulators, to enable measurements of temperature at different distances from the heating element. Additionally, multiple heating elements can be provided along the length of the thermal conductivity probe, to enable sampling of thermal conductivity properties at different depths. The multiple heating elements can be dispersed or flanked by one or more combinations of thermistors and thermal insulators, with each of the thermistors being independently available for temperature measurements for any given heating element.

In a further embodiment, the at least one heating elementis disposed between an upper thermal insulation sectionand lower thermal insulation section. The heating elementcan be a section of approximately 5 mm-100 mm (e.g., 45 mm) in length and 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) with a wall thickness of approximately 1 mm-50 mm. The upper thermal insulation sectionand/or the lower thermal insulation sectioncan be approximately 5 mm-400 mm (e.g., 100 mm) in length and 10-100 mm in diameter (e.g., 36 mm) with a wall thickness of approximately 1 mm-50 mm. The heating elementcan be a solid disk segment of the probe, or can be constructed as a hollow ring or surface band along a portion of the probe, or can be composed of one or more discrete bands or areas on a surface of the probe. The thermal insulation sectionand/orcan be a solid disk segment of the probe, or can be constructed as a ring or surface band along a portion of the probe. Additionally, the thermal insulation sectionand/orcan be formed from a composite or layered set of disparate materials with different properties. The thermal insulation sectionand/orcan each possess different thermal insulation properties, or can provide the same thermal insulation properties. The thermal insulation sectionand/orcan be removable and/or replaceable such as via threads or snap locks with the probe, thus enabling different degrees, lengths, and distances of thermal insulation to be used, swapped, and removed for any given soil profile.

To vary the thermal insulation degree of materials, several factors can be considered and modified. Here are some key considerations and techniques. Material Selection: Different types of plastics have varying thermal insulation properties. Materials with lower thermal conductivity provide better insulation. Polymers like expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyurethane (PUR), and polyisocyanurate (PIR) are commonly used for thermal insulation due to their low thermal conductivity. Foaming or Blowing Agents: Introducing foaming or blowing agents into plastic materials can increase their insulation properties. These agents create small air pockets within the plastic, which reduce heat transfer through conduction and convection. Foamed plastics, such as foam boards, are widely used for thermal insulation purposes. Thickness: Increasing the thickness of plastic insulation can improve its thermal resistance and insulation capabilities. Thicker layers of insulation create a larger barrier to heat transfer. Reflective Coatings: Applying reflective coatings or films to the surface of plastic materials can enhance their thermal insulation performance. These coatings reflect radiant heat, reducing the amount of heat absorbed by the plastic and improving its insulation properties. Multi-Layer Construction: Using multiple layers of plastic materials with different thermal properties can enhance thermal insulation. For example, constructing a plastic composite with alternating layers of high-density and low-density plastics can create an effective barrier against heat transfer. Cellular Structure: Cellular plastics, such as those with closed-cell structures, offer improved thermal insulation properties. The closed-cell structure traps air within the plastic, reducing heat conduction. Encapsulation: Enclosing plastic insulation within a protective barrier can help maintain its thermal properties over time. This can involve using coatings, films, or protective layers to shield the insulation from moisture, physical damage, and degradation, which could impact its insulation performance.

In various embodiments, at least one upper thermistor set is composed of an upper first thermistor sectionand an upper second thermistor section, the upper first thermistor sectionand the upper second thermistor sectionbeing thermally isolated from each other by an upper thermistor thermal insulation sectionand being thermally isolated from the at least one heating elementby a lower thermal insulation section. Alternatively, or additionally, at least one lower thermistor set is composed of a lower first thermistor sectionand a lower second thermistor section, the lower first thermistor sectionand the lower second thermistor sectionbeing thermally isolated from each other by a lower thermistor thermal insulation sectionand being thermally isolated from the at least one heating elementby an upper thermal insulation section. The upper thermistor set or the lower thermistor set can be inserted at various positions along a length of the probe, using screw, snap, or other similar fastening means. Spacers can be used to position the upper thermistor set or the lower thermistor set as needed or desired along a length of the probe. Additionally, either or both the upper thermistor set or the lower thermistor set can be combined to create composite thermistor sets stacked, with or without spacers or intervening heating elements, along a length of the probe.

In a further embodiment, probefurther includes a cone penetration head, including one or more of the following sensors: pore pressure, friction, depth, and inclination. The cone penetration head (CPT)can be attached and/or removed to and/or from the probeusing threads, snaps, fasteners, or other similar mechanisms. Thus, the CPTcan removably attach to at least one heating element; at least one thermal insulator; at least one thermistorthermally isolated from the at least one heating elementby the at least one thermal insulatorusing a threaded member. Various types or configurations of CPTcan be employed such that the probeenables a combination of CPT sensor capabilities in association with thermal conductivity sensor capabilities, to yield enhanced soil and subsurface profile analysis.

Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) is a widely used in-situ geotechnical testing method that provides valuable information about the subsurface soil or sediment layers. It involves pushing a cone-shaped penetrometer into the ground at a constant rate and measuring the resistance and other parameters as the cone advances. The CPT equipmentconsists of a steel cone, typically made of hardened steel that is pushed into the ground using hydraulic or mechanical equipment, and data is continuously recorded during the penetration process. The conetypically has a friction sleeveto measure the frictional resistance along the cone shaft. The CPTmay include a pore pressure elementand/or one or more other types of sensors to measure the following data. Cone Tip Resistance: This measurement represents the resistance encountered by the cone as it penetrates the soil. It provides an indication of the soil's strength or stiffness. 2. Sleeve Friction: This measurement represents the frictional resistance along the cone shaft. It provides information about the shear strength and the relative density of the soil. Pore Water Pressure (u): In some CPT systems, a pore pressure sensor is included to measure the excess pore water pressure generated during the test. This measurement is useful in assessing soil consolidation characteristics and estimating soil permeability. CPTcan also include additional measurements or variations, such as the use of electrical conductivity sensors to identify soil contamination, piezocone testing to measure hydraulic conductivity, or seismic cone testing to evaluate soil stiffness and seismic properties. The data obtained from CPTis typically recorded in real-time and is used to create a profile of the subsurface soil layers. This information is valuable to assess soil properties, such as shear strength, stiffness, soil type, layer thicknesses, and stratigraphy. The data can be further analyzed to estimate parameters like soil bearing capacity, settlement potential, liquefaction potential, and slope stability.

is an environmental view of a thermal conductivity probe, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, siteincludes a subsurfacein which a thermal conductivity probeis pushed. The thermal conductivity probeincludes, but is not limited to, at least one heating element; at least one thermal insulator; at least one thermistorthermally isolated from the at least one heating elementby the at least one thermal insulator. The subsurfaceincludes a seafloor, terrestrial, or extraterrestrial surface. In certain embodiments, the probefurther includes one or more of thermistor, thermal insulator, thermal insulator, thermistor, thermal insulator, thermistor, and/or CPT.

The probeis depicted inserted or disposed within the subsurface. Heating elementis used to increase temperature locally in the subsurface. The thermal insulatorsubstantially prevents the heating elementfrom directly affecting the thermistor. Thus, the increase in local temperature induced by the heating elementpermeates and travels in the subsurface. The thermistorsenses the increased temperature in the subsurface, the extent of which is dependent upon the thermal conductivity in the subsurface.

The probecan be inserted into the subsurfaceusing various techniques. Direct Push Method: This method involves using a hydraulic or mechanical push system to insert the probedirectly into the subsurface. The probeis pushed into the ground using force, typically applied by a hydraulic ram or a static weight system. This method is suitable for cohesive and granular soils and can provide real-time measurements during penetration or after the probehas reached a desired depth or location. Hammering Method: In this technique, the probeis driven into the subsurface using a hammering action. The hammer can be manual or powered by a mechanical device. This method is often used for dense or compacted soils and may require pre-drilling or pre-auguring to facilitate penetration. Vibratory Method: Vibratory techniques involve using a vibratory driver or a vibrator attached to the probe. The vibrations help reduce the subsurface resistance, making it easier for the probeto penetrate the subsurface. This method is useful for cohesive soils and can improve penetration efficiency. Drilling Method: In some cases, a drilling rig may be used to create a borehole or pilot hole before inserting the probe. Once the hole is drilled, the probeis lowered into the borehole using appropriate equipment. This method is suitable for more challenging subsurface conditions, such as hard or rocky soils. Jetting Method: The jetting method involves using water or air pressure to fluidize the soil around the probe, reducing friction and facilitating penetration. Water or air jets are directed near the tip of the probe, allowing it to advance into the ground. This method is effective in loose or soft soils but may not be suitable for cohesive or compacted soils.

In various embodiments, the probecan be used in various subsurface types encountered in geotechnical and geological investigations, including any of the following examples. Sand: Sand is composed of granular particles ranging in size from 0.06 mm to 2 mm. It is often loose and provides good drainage properties. Clay: Clay consists of fine particles with a size less than 0.002 mm. It has cohesive properties, retains water well, and can be prone to shrinkage and swelling. Silt: Silt particles are finer than sand but coarser than clay, with sizes ranging from 0.002 mm to 0.06 mm. Silt has intermediate properties between sand and clay. Gravel: Gravel consists of larger particles, usually ranging from 2 mm to 60 mm in size. It is coarser than sand and provides good load-bearing capacity. Loam: Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay in roughly equal proportions. It offers good drainage while retaining moisture. Peat: Peat is formed from partially decomposed organic matter and is typically found in marshy or wetland areas. It has a high moisture content and low strength. Rock: The subsurface can contain various types of rocks, including sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Examples include limestone, granite, shale, sandstone, basalt, and marble, each with its own distinct properties. Fill Materials: In some cases, the subsurface may contain fill materials, which are man-made deposits often used to raise ground levels or support construction activities. Fill materials can consist of various materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or even construction waste.

The subsurfacecan further include fresh or saltwater subsurfaces, which can include sediments. The ocean floor is covered with a layer of sediments, which are a mixture of various materials that have settled over time. Terrigenous Sediments: These sediments originate from land and are transported to the ocean by rivers, wind, and other processes. Terrigenous sediments can include clay, silt, sand, and gravel, depending on the proximity to coastlines and the geological makeup of the surrounding land. Biogenic Sediments: Biogenic sediments are composed of the remains of marine organisms, such as shells, skeletons, and microorganisms. For example, calcium carbonate shells from marine organisms like foraminifera, coccolithophores, and corals can accumulate on the seafloor and form calcareous ooze. Volcanic Ash and Hydrothermal Deposits: In regions with active volcanism or hydrothermal activity, volcanic ash and minerals from hydrothermal vents can contribute to the ocean floor's composition.

The locations of the subsurfaceand the places for which the probeis usable can include various seafloor surfaces, such as any one or more of the following examples. Abyssal Plains: These are relatively flat areas on the ocean floor covered by fine-grained sediments. Mid-Ocean Ridges: Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges where tectonic plates are spreading apart, resulting in volcanic activity and the formation of new crust. Seamounts and Guyots: Seamounts are underwater mountains that rise above the seafloor, whereas guyots are flat-topped seamounts that have eroded over time. Trenches: Trenches are deep, elongated depressions in the ocean floor associated with subduction zones where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another. Hydrothermal Vents: Hydrothermal vents are areas where hot, mineral-rich fluids are released from the seafloor, supporting unique ecosystems and depositing minerals.

The probeis therefore usable to measure the thermal conductivity of the subsurfacethrough operations including at least (i) inserting the probeto a location or depth for analysis such that the probe is in contact with the subsurface; (ii) activating the heating elementto transfer heat into the subsurface; (iii) record the temperature at one or more times or intervals using the thermistorwith sufficient time for the heat to propagate through the subsurface; (iv) analyze the data after collecting temperature readings over a suitable duration to observe how the temperature changes over time in the subsurface; (v) and calculate thermal conductivity using a model or equation that factors in temperature change, time, and/or distance of the thermistorfrom the heating element.

Many models are usable to convert temperature to thermal conductivity. One model for determining thermal conductivity using temperature change over time is the one-dimensional heat conduction equation. The one-dimensional heat conduction equation is expressed as:

where: q is the heat flux (amount of heat transferred per unit area per unit time), k is the thermal conductivity of the soil, dT/dx is the temperature gradient (rate of change of temperature with respect to distance). This particular equation can be used to determine thermal conductivity by performing operations including (i) apply a constant heat flux (q) to the soil sample; (ii) measure the temperature change (dT) at a specific distance (x) from the heat source over a certain period of time, recording the temperature readings at regular intervals; (iii) calculate the distance change (dx) based on the position of the temperature sensor; and (iv) substitute the measured values of q, dx, and dT into the equation to obtain the thermal conductivity of the soil. This example model assumes steady-state conditions, meaning that the temperature distribution in the soil sample has reached a stable state. Additionally, this model assumes one-dimensional heat transfer, which might not accurately represent all subsurface types and conditions. There are other 2D and 3D models that can be used, including for example:

where q is the heat flux, k is the thermal conductivity, T is the temperature, and dT/dxand dT/dyare the second partial derivatives of temperature with respect to x and y, respectively. An additional example models includes, for example:

where q is the heat flux, k is the thermal conductivity, T is the temperature, and dT/dx, dT/dy, and dT/dzare the second partial derivatives of temperature with respect to x, y, and z, respectively.

In certain embodiments, the probecan be used with the CPThead to collect and/or correlate various CPT data with thermal conductivity data for a given location in the subsurface. This data can be stored together in association with a 3D positional GPS location to establish 3D model of thermal conductivity and/or CPT data for an area and/or depth of a subsurface. Various cone penetration testing (CPT) of the subsurface, such as the seafloor, can provide valuable data about the subsurface conditions and geotechnical properties. Here are some of the key data that can be gathered with cone penetration in the seafloor. Cone Resistance (qc): The cone resistance is a measure of the resistance encountered by the cone penetration probe as it advances into the soil. It provides an indication of the soil's strength and stiffness. The cone resistance is measured in terms of cone tip resistance (qc) and can be used to estimate soil properties such as undrained shear strength and relative density. Friction Sleeve Resistance (fs): The friction sleeve is located behind the cone tip and measures the frictional resistance between the sleeve and the surrounding soil. It provides information about the skin friction or adhesion of the soil, which is useful in cohesive soils. Pore Water Pressure (u): Cone penetration tests can measure the pore water pressure in the seafloor. Pore water pressure is useful for assessing soil behavior, stability, and the potential for liquefaction. Sleeve Friction Ratio (Rf): The sleeve friction ratio is calculated by dividing the friction sleeve resistance (fs) by the cone tip resistance (qc). It provides an indication of the relative proportion of frictional resistance to total resistance and can help characterize soil types. Seabed Layering: By continuously measuring the cone resistance and friction sleeve resistance as the probe advances, CPT can identify distinct layers or changes in the seafloor sediment composition and stratigraphy. Soil Classification: Based on the measured cone resistance and friction sleeve resistance, along with other parameters, soil types can be classified using established soil classification systems (e.g., the Unified Soil Classification System or the International Soil Classification System). Soil Strength and Shear Parameters: CPT data can be used to estimate geotechnical properties such as undrained shear strength, effective stress parameters, and soil stiffness, which are crucial for geotechnical design and analysis. Groundwater Conditions: The measured pore water pressure during cone penetration can provide insights into the groundwater conditions, including the presence of artesian conditions, hydraulic gradients, and potential water flow patterns. These data points gathered through cone penetration in the seafloor are valuable for geotechnical investigations, foundation design, offshore engineering, sediment characterization, seafloor electrical and conduit engineering, and site assessment in marine environments.

is a system diagram of a thermal conductivity and CPT system, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, thermal conductivity systemincludes, but is not limited to, thermal conductivity devicewith heating element, thermal insulator, and thermistor; and processorconfigured to perform operations of control heating element, sample thermal data over time, and correlate thermal with CPT data at. Optionally, the thermal conductivity systemcan further include a cone penetration devicewith resistance sensor, pressure sensor, orientation sensor, and processorconfigured to sample CPT data over time.

The thermal conductivity systemcan include an integrated probe with the thermal conductivity device-and the processor. Alternatively, the thermal conductivity systemcan be decentralized with one or more thermal conductivity devicesin communication with one or more processors. For example, the thermal conductivity systemcan include probewith an integrated processor. Alternatively, the thermal conductivity systemcan include a plurality of probeseach in wired or wireless communication with one or more processors. The cone penetration devicecan similarly be integrated with the thermal conductivity systemor can be partially or entirely decentralized with wired or wireless communication therebetween. In one particular embodiment, the thermal conductivity systemand the cone penetration deviceare unified into a probe with wired data communication to one or more processorsorfor performing operations associated therewith.

The thermal conductivity deviceincludes a set of heating element, thermal insulator, and thermistor. The devicecan include multiple sets of heating element, thermal insulator, and thermistor. Alternatively, the devicecan include a set with a plurality of any of heating element, thermal insulator, and thermistor. For instance, the devicecan include two or more heating elements, each separated from two or more thermistors, by two or more thermal insulators. In one particular embodiment, one heating elementis flanked by four thermistors, each separated from the heating elementand other thermistorsby thermal insulator. Alternatively, the systemcan include two or more thermal conductivity devicespositioned along a length of one probe. Furthermore, the systemcan include a plurality of thermal conductivity devicesdistributed across multiple probes. Many combinations of devicesare possible, each with different combinations or instances of heating element, thermal insulator, and thermistor.

The processorcan be physically integrated into the thermal conductivity systemor can be wired or wirelessly linked to the thermal conductivity systemor thermal conductivity device. Various processor types or technologies are usable, including for example any of the following. Intel Core Processors: Intel Core processors are widely used in personal computers and laptops. They come in various generations, such as the Intel Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 series. Each generation offers improved performance and features compared to its predecessor. AMD Ryzen Processors: AMD Ryzen processors are a popular alternative to Intel's offerings. They provide high-performance computing power and are known for their multitasking capabilities and affordability. Ryzen processors are commonly used in gaming PCs, workstations, and laptops. Qualcomm Snapdragon Processors: Qualcomm Snapdragon processors are primarily designed for mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets. They offer efficient power consumption, integrated graphics, and cellular connectivity features. Snapdragon processors are known for their performance in the Android ecosystem. Apple M1 Chip: The Apple M1 chip is a custom-designed processor developed by Apple for its Mac computers. It utilizes ARM architecture and offers high performance, energy efficiency, and improved battery life. The M1 chip integrates multiple components, including the CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine, for enhanced performance and power optimization. IBM Power Processors: IBM Power processors are used in high-performance computing systems, servers, and enterprise-grade hardware. They are known for their scalability, reliability, and robust performance in demanding computing environments.

The processorcan be communicatively linked with the thermal conductivity deviceto receive and/or transmit data or control instructions. Wired communication can be accomplished using printed circuit board traces or a wired conductor. Wireless communication can be accomplished using any one or more of the following examples: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): Wi-Fi is a widely used wireless communication method that allows devices to connect to a local area network (LAN) or the internet wirelessly. Wi-Fi operates based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and uses radio waves to transmit data between devices within a limited range. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology used for data transfer between devices in close proximity. Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency band and enables wireless connectivity between devices. Cellular Networks: Cellular networks provide wireless data communication over a wide area, typically using cellular towers and base stations. Cellular networks, such as 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G, enable mobile devices to connect to the internet and other networks wirelessly. Cellular networks offer higher data transfer speeds and wider coverage compared to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. NFC (Near Field Communication): NFC is a short-range wireless communication technology that enables data transfer between devices in close proximity (within a few centimeters). Zigbee: Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Zigbee operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and allows devices to form ad-hoc networks or mesh networks for data transmission. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): RFID technology uses radio waves to identify and track objects wirelessly. RFID tags or transponders are attached to objects, and when they come into range of an RFID reader, data is exchanged between the tag and the reader.

The cone penetration deviceis an optional component to the thermal conductivity system. When present, the cone penetration devicecan be physically incorporated with the thermal conductivity system, or can be wired or wirelessly linked therewith. For instance, the CPTcan be integrated into the probewith the thermal conductivity system. Alternatively, the CPTcan be part of one probe that is separate from and/or useable with another probe that includes the thermal conductivity system. In certain embodiments, a plurality of probes are provided in a system that includes some with the thermal conductivity systemand some with CPT. In certain embodiments, the processorand the processorare combined into a single processor. Within the CPT, the resistance sensor, pressure sensor, and/or orientation sensorare optionally included.

In cone penetration testing (CPT), resistance sensors are used to measure the cone resistance (qc) and friction sleeve resistance (fs) as the cone penetration probe advances into the soil. These sensors provide valuable data about the geotechnical properties of the subsurface. The resistance sensors work based on the principle of measuring the force or pressure exerted by the soil on the cone or friction sleeve. Cone Resistance (qc) Sensor: The cone resistance sensor is located at the tip of the cone penetration probe. As the probe is pushed into the soil, the cone encounters resistance from the surrounding soil. This resistance is transferred to the cone resistance sensor, which typically consists of a load cell or pressure transducer. The load cell or transducer converts the applied force or pressure into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is then amplified, conditioned, and processed by the data acquisition system connected to the cone penetration equipment. The processed signal is recorded and used to determine the cone resistance (qc) value, which represents the strength and stiffness of the soil. Friction Sleeve Resistance (fs) Sensor: The friction sleeve resistance sensor is located behind the cone tip and measures the frictional resistance between the friction sleeve and the soil as the probe advances. The friction sleeve typically consists of a cylindrical metal sleeve with pressure-sensitive devices, such as strain gauges or pressure transducers, embedded within it. As the friction sleeve encounters frictional forces from the soil, these forces are transferred to the embedded sensors, which measure the applied pressure or strain. Similar to the cone resistance sensor, the electrical signals from the sensors are amplified, conditioned, and processed by the data acquisition system. The processed signals are used to determine the friction sleeve resistance (fs), which provides information about the skin friction or adhesion of the soil. The cone resistance (qc) and friction sleeve resistance (fs) data obtained from the sensors are typically recorded continuously during the cone penetration test. These resistance measurements, along with other parameters such as pore water pressure and cone penetration rate, are analyzed to evaluate soil properties, assess subsurface conditions, and aid in geotechnical engineering and site characterization.

Inclination sensors, also known as inclinometers or tilt sensors, can be used in cone penetration testing (CPT) to measure the inclination or tilt of the cone penetration probe during the test. These sensors provide information about the verticality or angle of the probe, which is useful for analyzing the geometry and alignment of the test and interpreting the CPT data accurately. Sensor Placement: Inclination sensors are typically installed on the cone penetration probe itself, usually near the tip or in the vicinity of the cone. The sensors may be integrated into the probe assembly or attached externally, depending on the specific design of the CPT equipment. Measurement Principle: Inclination sensors use various technologies to measure the tilt angle of the probe. Commonly used technologies include accelerometers, gyroscopes, or a combination of both. These sensors detect changes in the orientation of the probe with respect to gravity and provide corresponding electrical signals. Data Acquisition: The electrical signals from the inclination sensors are acquired by a data acquisition system connected to the CPT equipment. The signals are typically analog or digital and represent the tilt angle or inclination of the probe in real-time. Data Processing and Analysis: The acquired tilt angle data is processed and recorded by the data acquisition system. The data can be visualized and analyzed to assess the verticality and alignment of the probe during the test. Deviations from the vertical alignment can indicate potential issues with the test, such as bent rods or uneven ground conditions. Correction and Interpretation: The inclination data obtained from the sensors can be used to correct and interpret other CPT measurements. For example, correcting the cone resistance (qc) and friction sleeve resistance (fs) values based on the inclination data can provide more accurate representations of the soil properties and geotechnical parameters. Quality Control: Inclination sensors play a crucial role in quality control during CPT. Monitoring the probe inclination helps ensure that the test is performed properly and that the acquired data is reliable and representative of the subsurface conditions.

is a flow diagram of a computer processfor operating a thermal conductivity probe, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, a computer processor is configured to perform operations including at least controlling the at least one heating element atand measuring temperature using the at least one thermistor over time at.

In certain embodiments, the computer processis implemented on a central processing unit (CPU), such as the following. 1. x86 Architecture: The x86 architecture includes various generations and families of processors, such as Intel Core i7, i5, and i3 series, as well as AMD Ryzen processors. These processors are designed for general-purpose computing and are commonly used in desktops, laptops, and servers. 2. ARM Architecture: ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) processors are known for their energy efficiency and are designed using a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architecture. Companies like Qualcomm, Apple, and Samsung utilize ARM-based processors in their smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices. ARM processors are usable for their power efficiency. 3. Power Architecture: The Power Architecture, previously known as PowerPC, is known for its scalability, reliability, and performance in enterprise environments. They are commonly found in IBM's Power Systems servers and certain gaming consoles like the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 (previous-generation consoles). 4. RISC-V Architecture: RISC-V is an open-source instruction set architecture (ISA) that is suitable for various applications. RISC-V processors have the advantage of being open and flexible, allowing companies and individuals to design their own processors based on the RISC-V instruction set. 5. Other Architectures: In addition to the above-mentioned architectures, there are several other specialized processors used in specific domains. For example, IBM's z/Architecture is designed for mainframe computers, Intel's Itanium architecture targeted high-performance computing (HPC) applications, and NVIDIA's GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) are used extensively for parallel computing and graphics-intensive tasks like gaming and artificial intelligence.