Methods and apparatuses for spatial resource selection

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of wireless communication. More particularly, it relates to selection of spatial resources for wireless communication.

When a wireless communication system utilizes the same, or overlapping, frequency ranges for communication in a first link direction (e.g., uplink, UL) and for communication in a second link direction (e.g., downlink, DL), channel conditions estimated based on reference signals communicated in the first link direction may be used to approximate channel conditions for communication in the second link direction. The approximate channel conditions for communication may then be used for spatial resource selection for transmission in the second link direction.

As used herein, the term spatial resource may refer to any spatial resource for a multi-antenna system, e.g., one or more of: a transmission beam, a reception beam, an antenna or antenna element, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) layer or stream, etc., and refers to a resource that may be used, alone or in combination with other spatial resources, to define a direction for signal transmission and/or reception or to define a spatial separation of a signal's transmission and/or reception from other signals.

In some scenarios, the accuracy of the channel condition estimation may be less than desired or required. For example, when reference signals used for estimating channel conditions are transmitted in different frequency intervals—within the frequency range of the first link direction—at different time intervals (e.g., due to frequency hopping of the reference signals), the channel condition estimation becomes more cumbersome and the spatial resource selection may consequently become less accurate. For example, an unsuitable spatial resource may be selected and/or a suitable spatial resource may be improperly discarded from selection. For example, when the channel condition estimation becomes more cumbersome, the accuracy of the channel condition estimation may be less than desired or required, thereby causing the spatial resource selection to be less accurate. Therefore, there is a need for improved approaches to spatial resource selection in such scenarios.

More generally, improved methods for spatial resource selection are needed.

It should be emphasized that the term “comprises/comprising” (replaceable by “includes/including”) when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Generally, when an arrangement is referred to herein, it is to be understood as a physical product; e.g., an apparatus. The physical product may comprise one or more parts, such as controlling circuitry in the form of one or more controllers, one or more processors, or the like.

It is an object of some embodiments to solve or mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate at least some of the above or other disadvantages.

In various (e.g., some of the) embodiments described in detail below, this is done by filtering instantaneous discontinuous transmission (DTX) states, so as to reliably find the beams that contain sounding reference signals (SRS) with sufficiently good quality for subsequent beamforming processing or, more generally, to identify and select spatial resources suitable for beamforming.

Example embodiments of the disclosed techniques, apparatuses, and systems include a method for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources, such as might be carried out by a network node, such as a base station. This example method comprises, for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources, determining, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource, and filtering the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource. The method further comprises, for the at least one spatial resource, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

A first aspect is a method for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources. The method comprises—for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources—determining, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource, filtering the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource, and determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

In some embodiments, the quality state belongs to a collection of possible quality states comprising a first quality state and a second quality state.

In some embodiments, the first quality state indicates better quality than the second quality state.

In some embodiments, the first and second quality states are a non-DTX state and a DTX state, respectively.

In some embodiments, the quality state is either the first quality state or the second quality state.

In some embodiments, each quality state is determined by comparing a reference signal quality for the respective time instance to a reference signal quality threshold, to obtain either the first quality state or the second quality state.

In some embodiments, the non-DTX states correspond to reference signal qualities higher than the reference signal quality threshold.

In some embodiments, filtering the quality states comprises using a first filter function when a most recent quality state is the first quality state and using a second filter function when the most recent quality state is the second quality state, the first and second filter functions being different.

In some embodiments, an influence of the most recent quality state on a filter output is higher for the first filter function than for the second filter function.

In some embodiments, the second filter function is implemented using an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, or a finite impulse response (FIR) filter.

In some embodiments, the first filter function output equals the most recent quality state.

In some embodiments, the first and second quality states correspond to first and second numerical values, respectively, and filtering the quality states comprises calculating a usability metric as a function of the numerical value for a most recent quality state and a previous value for the filtered quality state value, to obtain the filtered quality state value.

In some embodiments, the function is asymmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values.

In some embodiments, the first numerical value is zero and an effect of the function comprises, when the most recent quality state corresponds to the first numerical value: dividing the previous value for the filtered quality state value by a first filter parameter having a value greater than one.

In some embodiments, an effect of the function comprises, when the most recent quality state corresponds to the second numerical value: adding the previous value for the filtered quality state value, multiplied by a second filter parameter having a value between zero and one, to the value for the most recent quality state value, multiplied by a third filter parameter having a value between zero and one.

In some embodiments, the function takes the form of:

where

b is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, 0 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, K is a filter parameter having a value greater than 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource.

In some embodiments, the function is symmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values.

In some embodiments, the function takes the form of:

where

b is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, −1 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises comparing the filtered quality state value to a quality state threshold.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises, for a first spatial resource, evaluating the filtered quality state value for the first spatial resource jointly with a filtered quality state value for a second spatial resource.

In some embodiments, the first spatial resource is a first beam having a beam direction and a first antenna polarization and the second spatial resource is a second beam having the same beam direction as the first beam and a second antenna polarization, the second antenna polarization differing from the first antenna polarization.

In some embodiments, the method comprises, for a first spatial resource being a beam of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of antenna ports for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the plurality of antenna ports, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports.

In some embodiments, determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection if at least one of the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports fulfills a predetermined threshold requirement.

In some embodiments, the method comprises, for a first spatial resource being an antenna port of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of beams for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the beams, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of beams.

In some embodiments, the first aspect may be applied in the context of a method that comprises—for each spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources—receiving a plurality of reference signal blocks using the spatial resource (wherein at least some of the reference signal blocks are received in different frequency intervals and during different time intervals), determining (for each received reference signal block) whether or not a signal quality metric of the received reference signal block meets a quality criterion, and determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the quality criterion determinations of the received reference signal blocks.

In some embodiments, a selected spatial resource is to be used by a transmitter.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for the most recently received reference signal block.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least a first number of the plurality of received reference signal blocks.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for the most recently received reference signal block.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least a second number of the plurality of received reference signal blocks.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection is further based on whether the plurality of reference signal blocks are received in a same time slot.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection is further based on whether the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises letting the quality criterion determination of a first received reference signal block have more impact than the quality criterion determination of a second received reference signal block when the first received reference signal block is more recently received than the second received reference signal block.

In some embodiments, the determination of whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection is applied to the different frequency intervals in which the plurality of reference signal blocks are received.

In some embodiments, the determination of whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection is applied to one or more frequency intervals in which none of the plurality of reference signal blocks are received.

In some embodiments, the spatial resources are beams of a beam-forming application, or antennas of a multi-antenna arrangement, or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) streams.

In some embodiments, the reference signal blocks comprises one or more of: uplink reference signals, sounding reference signals, demodulation reference signals, and phase tracking reference signals.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises selecting a spatial resource based on spatial resources which have been determined to be considered for spatial resource selection.

In some embodiments, selecting a spatial resource comprises selecting one of the spatial resources which have been determined to be considered for spatial resource selection, and/or selecting a spatial resource which is a combination of two or more of the spatial resources which have been determined to be considered for spatial resource selection.

A second aspect is an apparatus.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is adapted to carry out the method according to the first aspect.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is a base station apparatus. The base station apparatus comprises radio circuitry configured to communicate with one or more wireless devices and processing circuitry operatively coupled to the radio circuitry and configured to control the radio circuitry. The processing circuitry is also configured to determine, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource, filter the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource, and determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the method according to the first aspect.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is an apparatus for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources. The apparatus comprises controlling circuitry configured to cause—for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources—determination, for each of a plurality of time instances, of a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource, filtering of the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource, and determination of whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

In some embodiments, the second aspect may be applied in the context of an apparatus that comprises controlling circuitry configured to cause—for each spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources—reception of a plurality of reference signal blocks using the spatial resource (wherein reception of at least some of the reference signal blocks are in different frequency intervals and during different time intervals), determination (for each received reference signal block) of whether or not a signal quality metric of the received reference signal block meets a quality criterion, and determination of whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the quality criterion determinations of the received reference signal blocks.

A third aspect is a base station for spatial resource selection.

In some embodiments, the base station comprises processing circuitry configured to perform the method according to the first aspect.

In some embodiments, the base station comprises the apparatus of the second aspect.

In some embodiments, the base station further comprises power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station.

In some embodiments of the first, second, or third aspect, one or more parameters of the filtering are tunable.

A fourth aspect is a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium, having thereon a computer program comprising program instructions. The computer program is loadable into a data processing unit and configured to cause execution of the method according to the first aspect when the computer program is run by the data processing unit.

In some embodiments, any of the above aspects may additionally have features identical with or corresponding to any of the various features as explained above for any of the other aspects.

An advantage of some embodiments is that alternative approaches to spatial resource selection are provided.

An advantage of some embodiments is that improved approaches (e.g., compared to other approaches) to spatial resource selection are provided. Improvement may, for example, be in terms of one or more of: throughput, capacity, power efficiency, interference, beam selection accuracy, etc.

An advantage of some embodiments is that approaches are provided to spatial resource selection in scenarios where reference signals are transmitted in different frequency intervals at different time intervals.

An advantage of some embodiments is that reliable detection of valid beams is provided.

An advantage of some embodiments is that throughput is improved in non-light-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios compared to other approaches.

An advantage of some embodiments is that they facilitate reliable detection of valid beams, including in non-light-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios, where the disclosed techniques may provide improved throughput (e.g., compared to other approaches).

As already mentioned above, the term “comprises/comprising” (replaceable by “includes/including”) when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described and exemplified more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The solutions disclosed herein can, however, be realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

Generally, the terms signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are used interchangeably herein, and any such reference is meant to be equally applicable for any of the terms, as well as for any other suitable signal quality metric.

Also generally, SINR will be used as example of signal quality. This is not intended as limiting. Contrarily, any signal quality metric may be used, such as signal strength, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), amount of energy detected, etc.

In the following, various approaches for spatial resource selection will be described. According to some embodiments, methods for sounding reference signal (SRS) discontinuous transmission (DTX) state filtering are provided. For example, instantaneous DTX states may be filtered (e.g., per beam and/or per antenna port) to reliably find out which beams contain SRS with sufficiently good quality for subsequent beamforming processing.

Generally, when filtering is referred to herein, it is meant to encompass any operation that determines an output value from two or more input values, wherein the input values relate to the same parameter; the value of which has been captured at different times to provide the input values.

Example filtering include infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering and finite impulse response (FIR) filtering. It should be noted that operations such as—for example—averaging, weighted averaging, and sliding window approaches fall under the concept of filtering.

Any suitable filter parameters (e.g., length, memory, forgetting factor, number of taps, coefficient values, etc.) and any suitable filter types may be used for implementation of various embodiments.

Some embodiments described in the following are embodiments where approaches are provided for spatial resource selection in scenarios where a wireless communication system utilizes the same, or overlapping, frequency ranges for communication in a first link direction (e.g., uplink, UL) and for communication in a second link direction (e.g., downlink, DL) and where channel conditions estimated based on reference signals communicated in the first link direction are used to approximate channel conditions for communication in the second link direction, which are in turn used for spatial resource selection for transmission in the second link direction.

For example, in a time division duplex (TDD) network, the same frequency is typically used for uplink and downlink communication and the radio channel may be assumed to be reciprocal. Thus, knowledge obtained of the radio channel in the uplink (e.g., by estimating the radio channel based on uplink reference signals) can be used to determine spatial resources for downlink transmissions; and vice versa.

Particularly, some embodiments focus on spatial resource selection for scenarios where reference signals are transmitted in different frequency intervals at different time intervals (e.g., due to frequency hopping of the reference signals).

Some examples are presented herein for transmission beam selection based on channel estimation of reference signal reception using a corresponding reception beam. It should be noted, however, that embodiments may be equally applicable to other spatial resource selection scenarios.

An advanced antenna system (AAS) may significantly improve network performance (e.g., throughput, coverage, capacity, etc.) by utilizing beamforming and MIMO techniques.

Generally, the term spatial resource may refer to any spatial resource for such systems, e.g., one or more of: a transmission beam, a reception beam, an antenna or antenna element, an antenna port, a polarization, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) stream, or similar.

For example, channel estimation can be performed directly based on signals received on all antennas, or after spatial beam transformation from antenna space to beam space (e.g., to transform signals received on all antennas to signals of beam directions), and procedures described herein for beam space may be equally applicable for antenna space, and vice versa.

To illustrate scenarios where some embodiments (e.g., some embodiments of the techniques to be described below) are applicable, a particular example scenario related to discontinuous transmission (DTX) state handling in relation to reciprocity-based beamforming for downlink transmissions based on uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) reception in a TDD system will now be described.

When the radio channel is poor (e.g., has relatively low signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR); for example, SINR below a threshold value), the noise and interference factors may dominate the channel estimation achieved based on SRS reception. Downlink transmission beamforming based on such channel estimation will typically not be adequate (e.g., may not direct transmission beams in a suitable way to convey transmitted information to the users) and may negatively impact performance.

A DTX detection technique may be used to determine usefulness (e.g., reliability) of SRS channel estimates, or, more generally, of channel estimates based on other types of reference signals. This approach may be beneficial in the scenario described above, for example.

When an SRS channel estimate is determined to be useful, it may be labeled as non-DTX, and when a SRS channel estimate is determined to be not useful, it may be labeled as DTX. For example, an SRS channel estimate may be determined to be useful when a SINR value of the corresponding SRS reception falls above a threshold value, and an SRS channel estimate may be determined to be not useful otherwise.

Note that the designation of the channel estimate as “non-DTX” or “DTX” is simply a labeling, to differentiate between two quality states for the channel estimate. The channel estimate may be categorized into one of more than two quality states and/or the labels for those quality states may be different. In the present disclosure, the terms “DTX state” and “non-DTX state” are used as an example. Another possible example is “low SINR” and “high SINR”.

Some embodiments (as exemplified later herein) relate to filtering of the labeling as DTX or non-DTX.

In relation to beam selection, a DTX state may be determined per beam for each SRS reception, and a beam may be set to invalid (i.e., not to be considered for beam selection) when DTX is detected, and to valid when non-DTX is detected. In some embodiments, a beam may be set to invalid by setting channel estimates (e.g., for all subcarriers) of the beam to zero. Thereby, there will be no energy on the invalid beam when beamforming weights are calculated.

Some embodiments (as exemplified later herein) relate to filtering of the labeling as DTX or non-DTX and using the filter output to indicate a filtered label (DTX or non-DTX) suitable to determine whether a beam is valid or invalid.

When SRS frequency hopping is enabled, there may typically be multiple DTX state determinations for each beam; each of which associates with a corresponding SRS hop reception. Thereby, the determination of a beam as invalid or valid may be ambiguous. One way to handle this ambiguity is to use each SRS hop to determine beam validity only for frequencies (e.g., defined by resource blocks, RB:s) covered by SRS hop. However, such an approach may lead to that outdated channel estimates are used for downlink beam selection (e.g., if inter-slot frequency hopping is configured for SRS), and/or that beams with good enough quality are unnecessarily set to invalid.

Some embodiments address the ambiguity by determining beam validity not only based on the DTX state of current SRS hop in a symbol, but also based on the DTX state of SRS hops from other symbols. In various embodiments, determining beam validity is—alternatively, or additionally—based on one or more of: hopping type (inter-slot or intra-slot), age of DTX states, and DTX states of other beams. Data transmission scheduling may also take the per hop beam validity into account. Some embodiments (as exemplified later herein), wherein the labeling as DTX or non-DTX is filtered and the filter output is used to determine whether a beam is valid or invalid, may be useful also in these situations.

Although beam validation based on DTX states can provide performance gain in line-of-sight (LoS) scenarios, where there exist one or more dominant directions, it has been found (i.e., the inventors have identified a problem) that in some non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments there may be a performance loss.

This is (at least partly and/or in at least some scenarios) because the received energy of SRS is spread in many directions/beams. At low SINR it is more likely to detect DTX on these beams so that they are removed from further processing. A possible consequence of this is that too few valid beams, or even no valid beams, are left at low SINR; and thus the performance degradation (i.e., thus the performance degrades). These reasons for the performance loss have been identified by the inventors.

A solution is to adjust the DTX detection threshold (e.g., the threshold used to determine usefulness of the SRS channel estimate by comparing the SINR value of the corresponding SRS reception to a threshold value) so that a beam can still be determined valid even at low SINR. However, the drawback with such threshold adjustment is that the DTX detection will (generally) be less reliable. For example, beams mostly containing noise may be determined as valid, which may (in turn) cause performance loss. Hence, application of such a solution to attempt to improve performance may be inadequate, which has been identified by the inventors.

Some embodiments address the problem of performance loss more adequately. The inventors have identified that it may be desirable to introduce inertia regarding the determination of whether a beam is valid or invalid. For example, when a beam has previously (e.g., in the near past) shown characteristics (e.g., non-DTX) that caused it to be determined as valid, it may be beneficial to still consider it as valid even if it currently shows characteristics (e.g., DTX) that—according to other approaches—would cause it to be determined as invalid. Embodiments achieve this by applying filtering (e.g., filtering of the labeling as DTX or non-DTX and using the filter output to determine whether a beam is valid or invalid).

In some embodiments, the inertia is asymmetrically applied depending on a current situation for the beam under consideration. For example, currently shown beam characteristics that imply validity may be associated with lower inertia than currently shown beam characteristics that imply invalidity.

In various (e.g., some of the) embodiments described in detail below, this problem (the problem providing as good performance as possible) is addressed by filtering instantaneous DTX states used to identify usable beams or other spatial resources, so as to reliably find the beams that contain SRS with sufficiently good quality for subsequent beamforming processing or, more generally, to identify and select spatial resources suitable for beamforming.

It is worth noting that the strong directions/beams of a received signal tend to change relatively slowly, under many circumstances. Thus, the general viability of a beam is typically a relatively long-term characteristic that typically doesn't change over a period of a few seconds, or even for a much longer period. However, the measured SINR of a signal received on a specific beam can typically fluctuate rapidly below or above the DTX determination threshold in milliseconds, caused by fast fading, for example.

DTX is typically an instantaneous state that is determined upon each SRS reception (or upon each reception of some other reference signal). In the techniques (e.g., of some embodiments) described herein, a filter is used to process the instantaneous states (e.g., the instantaneous DTX/non-DTX labels) and estimate the long-term SRS usefulness; or the long-term usefulness of a beam or other spatial resource corresponding to the SRS or other reference signal.

In some embodiments of the presently disclosed techniques, a filter is designed in a way to quickly respond to non-DTX detection, to validate a useful beam. In the event that DTX is detected, this may be because the signal on that beam is only temporarily suffering a fading dip, or because the beam actually lacks usefulness long-term. So, according to some embodiments, the DTX states corresponding to a series of reference signal quality measurements are filtered, e.g., by a first order infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, to smoothen the DTX decision and avoid useful beams being removed.

Generally, numerical values may be assigned to represent a quality state (e.g., DTX/non-DTX). The numerical values may be suitable as inputs to the filter. Such numerical values may have any suitable form (e.g., zero and one, zero and any non-zero value, minus one and plus one, minus/plus any non-zero value, a first non-zero value and a scaled version of the non-zero value, etc.). An output of the filter may typically also be a numerical value (e.g., a numerical value representing a quality state, or a numerical value that can be quantized to represent a quality state).

The following describes a typical approach according to some embodiments wherein a filter is designed to quickly respond to non-DTX detection.

b b In this approach, DTX=0 denotes that non-DTX is detected on beam b, and DTX=1 denotes that DTX is detected on beam b.

Below is the formula of an example DTX filter, according to some embodiments:

This formula may be used for approaches wherein a filter is designed to quickly respond to non-DTX detection.

The formula above may be seen as an example of using a first filter function (lower expression) when a most recent quality state is the first quality state (non-DTX) and using a second filter function (upper expression) when the most recent quality state is the second quality state (DTX).

b In this expression, DTXis the input value according to detected instantaneous DTX state of the current SRS reception,

is the filter output, and

is a previous filter output, e.g., as calculated from the previous SRS reception.

Δt The parameter α is the filter coefficient, or forgetting factor, which may be calculated using Δt, the time difference between current and previous SRS reception. In a real network, Δt is typically in the range from 5 milliseconds to several hundred milliseconds. The parameter α may, for example, be calculated according to α=1−(1−β), where β is a design parameter (typically having a value between zero and one). Any other suitable choice of a may be equally applicable. For example, any choice of α, wherein an increased Δt results in an increased α may be suitable. Typically, α has a value between zero and one.

1 FIG.A 1 FIG.A 101 102 103 104 b shows the output of the filter described above, with different β settings. The y-axis represents the filter output, the x-axis represents time (wherein a distance between two points on the x-axis may correspond to Δt), and results for β values (“beta” in) of 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.01 are illustrated by,,, and, respectively. The illustrated filter output is for DTX=1 and

1 FIG.A Thus, the plot shown inmay be seen as representing values of a for different values of β and Δt.

b b In the example filter design described above, K is a parameter to control (i.e., for controlling) how fast the filter responds to non-DTX detection. Typically, K should be greater than 1 so that (the value of) the filter output decreases upon non-DTX detection (DTX=0). For example, if K=2 and a threshold for validating the beam is configured to 0.55, a single non-DTX detection will bring the filter output below the threshold and, thus, immediately validate the beam. If it is preferred that multiple non-DTX detections are needed before the beam is validated, then either K or the threshold, or both, can be adjusted (e.g., lowering K and/or lowering the threshold value). Setting K to infinity corresponds to bypassing of the filter when DTX=0, which may be applicable according to some embodiments. The latter may be seen as an example of letting the first filter function output equal the most recent quality state.

In some embodiments, the values of one or more of the parameters α, β, and K are pre-determined and/or fixed. Alternatively, or additionally, the values of one or more of the parameters α, β, and K may be tunable and/or dynamic.

b b b b The example filter design presented above may be varied in any suitable way. For example, the filter design presented above may be used for DTX=0 while another filter design is used for DTX=1, or the filter design presented above may be used for DTX=1 while another filter design is used for DTX=0. Alternatively, or additionally, an order of the IIR filter may be varied to be larger than one.

b In some embodiments, a machine learning algorithm is applied to find a suitable filter design for DTX=0 and/or to find suitable values of one or more of the parameters α, β, and K.

Typically, a threshold is assigned a value which is at a suitable level (e.g., halfway, or close to halfway) between the numerical values assigned to represent the quality state.

In various embodiments, the value of the threshold(s) may be pre-determined and/or fixed and/or tunable and/or dynamic. In some embodiments, a machine learning algorithm is applied to find suitable threshold value(s).

1 FIG.B 1 FIG.A 1 FIG.B Δt 111 121 112 122 shows a slightly simplified version of the plot presented in; illustrating example values of the filter coefficient α according to some embodiments. Inan example approach for setting threshold values is also illustrated, which may be applicable according to some embodiments. In this approach, a threshold value is set based on β and Δt when Δt is represented relative to the origin (i.e., relative to a time equal to 0); using the above function for α. More specifically, the threshold value is set to the value of α=1−(1−β). Assuming that β=000.1 and Δt has the value indicated by, the threshold value is set to the value indicated at, assuming that β=000.1 and Δt has the value indicated by, the threshold value is set to the value indicated at, etc.

Other ways to implement filters designed to quickly respond to non-DTX detection (e.g., asymmetric filter designs) are possible, as well as implementations of filters designed to respond equally fast to non-DTX detection as to DTX detection (e.g., symmetric filter designs).

The determination/detection of the quality state DTX/non-DTX may be implemented using a DTX detector. The DTX detector may, for example, be a SINR detector. A misdetection rate of the DTX detector may be estimated (e.g., by running simulations).

While the asymmetric filter designs (e.g., the filter design illustrated above) typically prioritize non-DTX detection and aim to quickly respond to (indications of) valid beams, this (type of) filter typically works best with a DTX detector design that has a relatively (e.g., very) low misdetection rate. If the DTX detector is (instead) designed for (e.g., to tolerate) a high misdetection rate, the non-DTX decision becomes less reliable.

In such a scenario, the filter design may then take into account the DTX detector tolerance (e.g., regarding the misdetection rate). For example, the filter may still apply an asymmetric design and use one or more of the parameters K, β and α and/or the threshold value(s) to adjust the performance (e.g., the parameter and/or threshold value(s) may be set based on an estimated misdetection rate). Alternatively, the filter may instead be implemented symmetrically. For example, a symmetric filter may be used to smooth the input instantaneous DTX states (e.g., using the below formula).

The following describes a typical approach according to some embodiments wherein a filter is designed to respond equally fast to non-DTX detection as to DTX detection.

b b In this approach, DTX=1 denotes that non-DTX is detected on beam b, and DTX=−1 denotes that DTX is detected on beam b.

Below is one example formula according to this approach:

b In this expression, DTXis the input value according to detected instantaneous DTX state of the current SRS reception,

is the filter output, and

is a previous filter output, e.g., as calculated from the previous SRS reception.

The parameter α is the filter coefficient, or forgetting factor, which may have the same features as described above for the asymmetric example, or other features.

In a similar manner as for the asymmetric filter design, a threshold may be used to determine whether the beam is valid or invalid based on the filter output (e.g., by comparing the filter output value to the threshold value).

Other filter designs may be used in other embodiments, where “filtering” should typically be understood generally as the processing of a series of values, in this case a time series of values corresponding to reference signal quality states. Examples can be simply windowing and/or averaging the instantaneous DTX states to smoothen the decision-making metric before threshold comparison operations described in below embodiments.

Whatever the filter design, the filter output may be compared with a threshold to determine usefulness (e.g., status as valid or invalid) of a beam or other spatial resource.

A beam can be considered useful (e.g., valid), for example, if the filter output is below the threshold (assuming that non-DTX is represented by a lower numerical value than DTX, i.e., assuming that DTX, which typically represents a relatively poor reference signal state, is assigned a higher numerical value than non-DTX, which typically represents a relatively better reference signal state).

The opposite (that non-DTX is represented by a higher numerical value than DTX) may be true in some implementations, in which case a valid or useful beam may be determined by assessing whether the filter output is above a threshold (i.e., a beam can be considered useful (e.g., valid), for example, if the filter output is above the threshold).

In any case, the threshold can be chosen, for example, as the filter output (e.g., for a certain time Δt) when

1 FIG.B 1 FIG.B as exemplified by. This time period (i.e., the certain time Δt) used for threshold selection may be denoted as T. The choice of T means that a beam is determined as not useful (e.g., invalid) if all SRS receptions under (e.g., during) the time T are detected DTX after setting the filter output to the value representing non-DTX (zero in the case of). Thus, in some embodiments, this time period for threshold selection is denoted as T, which means a beam is determined not useful if all SRS reception under time T are detected DTX after setting filter output=0.

It should be noted that beam validity may, according to some embodiments, be jointly determined by processing filter outputs corresponding to multiple beams and/or ports.

In some embodiments, beam validity is not determined jointly and is based only on threshold comparison of its own filter output (e.g., if the filter output is below a threshold, the beam is reliably detected as non-DTX and it is used as a valid beam for subsequent beamforming processing).

In other embodiments, the usefulness (validity) of a beam can be jointly determined based on (e.g. by processing) filter output of a group of beams. For example, two (or more) beams with different antenna polarizations but pointing to the same direction can both be determined valid if only one of the beams (or some other predetermined fraction of the beams) fulfill the threshold requirement.

In some embodiments, a node, such as an NR gNB, can receive SRS signal from multiple (i.e., more than one) UE antenna ports. The usefulness (validity) of a beam may be jointly determined based on (e.g., by processing) filter output of multiple UE antenna ports. For example, if one of the antenna ports (or some other predetermined fraction of the antenna ports) fulfills the threshold requirement, the beam for all ports of that UE may be determined valid (i.e., the beam may be determined valid for all ports of that UE).

In some embodiments, the DTX filter output from multiple beams can be used to jointly determine UE antenna port validity. For example, if no beam (or some other predetermined fraction of considered beams) fulfill a threshold requirement for an antenna port, that port may be removed from consideration for all beams.

1 2 Additionally, or alternatively, multiple thresholds can be used to categorize the filter output. For example, two thresholds may be defined, one for beam level usefulness, Thresor Threshold_1, and one for port level usefulness Thresor Threshold_2.

121 122 1 FIG.B 1 FIG.B For example, the threshold value indicated byinmay be used as Threshold_1 and the threshold value indicated byinmay be used as Threshold_2.

The following is a typical example of how multiple thresholds may be used. In the example, it is assumed that non-DTX is represented by a lower numerical value than DTX.

2 1 When the filter output of several/all beams for a certain UE antenna port (e.g., beams with different antenna polarizations but pointing to the same direction) is above the second threshold Thres, the port can be determined (as) invalid and be removed from (consideration in) subsequent beamforming processing. Then, the first threshold Thresmay be used for joint validity determination of beams received on other ports.

2 1 Typically, Threscan be smaller than Thres(at least when non-DTX is represented by a lower numerical value than DTX). A motivation for this is that, if all beams for a port continuously detect DTX, it is more likely that the port in general has low signal quality and it is not necessary to wait that long time to make this decision (i.e., it is not necessary to wait during a larger amount of SRS receptions until the filter output falls above the first threshold to make the decision to remove the port from consideration).

2 FIG. 3 FIG. 2 3 FIGS.and The filter output categorization according to some embodiments is illustrated inand. More specifically,illustrate example filter output categorization and joint decision of beam/port validity with multiple decision thresholds.

2 FIG. 200 201 202 203 210 211 212 213 220 221 222 223 230 231 232 233 In, filter outputs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,are shown for four beams (Beam 0-3) wherein the filtering of each beam is performed for four ports (Port 0-3).

250 203 213 223 233 203 213 223 233 203 213 223 233 Evaluation of a port is illustrated byfor Port 3, wherein each of the filter outputs,,,is compared to the second threshold. When all of the filter outputs,,,are above the second threshold, Port 3 may be removed from further consideration. In some embodiments, this is achieved by setting the filter outputs,,,to a value that corresponds to the numerical value that represents DTX.

240 200 201 202 203 Evaluation of a beam is illustrated byfor Beam 0, wherein each of the filter outputs,,,associated with ports that are not removed from further consideration is compared to the first threshold. When a specific amount (e.g., all) of the considered filter outputs for the beam are above the first threshold, the beam may be determined as invalid, and otherwise as valid.

Evaluation of the ports may be performed whenever (e.g., before) evaluation of the beams are performed, or may be performed more seldom.

3 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 300 200 201 202 203 210 211 212 213 220 221 222 223 230 231 232 233 illustrates the various considerations that a filter output(compare with,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,of) may be subjected to. In the example of, it is assumed that non-DTX is represented by the numerical value zero and DTX is represented by the numerical value 1.

300 304 300 300 304 300 250 2 FIG. When the filter outputis below the second threshold, the port associated with the filter outputis not removed from further consideration. When the filter outputis above the second threshold, the port associated with the filter outputmay be removed from further consideration (e.g., depending on other filter outputs—for example for other beams—associated with the port). This may be compared withof.

300 305 300 300 305 300 240 2 FIG. When the filter output(if considered for beam evaluation) is below the first threshold, the beam associated with the filter outputis determined as valid. When the filter output(if considered for beam evaluation) is above the first threshold, the beam associated with the filter outputmay be determined as invalid (e.g., depending on other filter outputs—for example for other ports—associated with the beam). This may be compared withof.

3 FIG. 304 305 304 305 This approach is illustrated inby terming the filter output values below the second thresholdas “useful” (port not removed from consideration and beam determined as valid), terming the filter output values above the first thresholdas “not useful” (port may be removed from consideration and, if not removed, beam may be determined as invalid), and terming the filter output values between the second thresholdand the first thresholdas “conditional” (port may be removed from consideration but, if not removed, beam is determined as valid).

2 3 FIGS.and The mechanisms exemplified bymay, alternatively, or additionally, be used to control a switch beamforming approach; between beamforming based on reciprocity channel estimation (as assumed for the embodiments herein) and beamforming based in codebook. For example, when more than a specified number of ports are removed from consideration, a switch to beamforming based in codebook may be performed. Alternatively, or additionally, when less than a specified number of beams are determined as valid, a switch to beamforming based in codebook may be performed.

Thus, various embodiments of the presently disclosed techniques employ signal quality measurement corresponding to one or more particular directions or otherwise corresponding to one or more spatial resources, as well as energy detection or other reference signal quality measurement to determine the presence or absence of energy in that direction or for that spatial resource. Decision metrics from these instantaneous measurements are filtered, to provide for improved reliability of the determination of whether that direction or spatial resource is useful, for beam forming. Those directions, beams, or other spatial resources deemed useful, according to these filtered decision metrics are selected for further consideration or use in beamforming, spatial multiplexing, or the like.

4 FIG.A 400 400 400 400 In view of the detailed examples provided above, it should be appreciated thatillustrates an example methodaccording to some embodiments, where example methodrepresents a generalized technique consistent with the detailed examples given above. The example methodmay be for a transmitter node and/or a network node. The example methodmay, in some embodiments, be performed, or performable, by a radio access node, a base station, or a control node of a communication network, for example. Generally, the term base station is meant to refer to either, or both, of a radio unit (RU) and a distributed unit (DU); e.g., in the context of open radio access network (O-RAN).

400 400 The methodis for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources. The methodis particularly applicable in reciprocity scenarios. The spatial resources may, for example, be beams of a beam-forming application, or antennas or antenna ports of a multi-antenna arrangement, or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) streams.

4 FIG.A The steps shown inmay be performed for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources (e.g., for each spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources).

410 400 As shown at block, methodincludes the step of determining, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource. The term “quality state” typically refers to a discrete category, condition, or other state determined from the reference signal or signals. As discussed above, the quality state may be a DTX state or non-DTX state, for example, and may be represented by these or other labels or by numerical values.

The quality state may belong to a collection of possible quality states comprising a first quality state (e.g., non-DTX) and a second quality state (e.g., DTX), wherein the first quality state may indicate better quality than the second quality state. It should be noted that, even if a collection of two quality states is used as an example herein (i.e., the quality state is either the first quality state or the second quality state), some embodiments may employ more than two quality states.

The quality state may be determined based on the reference signals in any suitable way. For example, a SINR for the received reference signals may be compared to a threshold value to determine the quality state. Each quality state may correspond to a respective numerical value.

Generally, it should be noted that the threshold for determining the quality state is a different threshold than the threshold(s) for determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection.

420 400 As shown at block, the methodfurther comprises the step of filtering the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource. By filtering is meant that a series of quality states is processed to determine a filtered quality state corresponding to an interval of time longer than that associated with a single reference signal instance, according to some embodiments. Filtering may be implemented using any suitable filter, or combination of filters as mentioned above.

420 For example, filtering the quality states may comprise filtering the numerical values representing the determined quality states. In some embodiments, stepmay comprise calculating a usability metric as a function of the numerical value for a most recent quality state and a previous value for the filtered quality state value, to obtain the filtered quality state value.

430 400 Finally, as shown at block, methodcomprises the step of determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

430 For example, stepmay comprise comparing the filtered quality state value to one or more thresholds (e.g., as exemplified above) to determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection (e.g., whether it is valid or invalid).

410 In various embodiments, each quality state is determined in stepby comparing a reference signal quality (e.g., SINR) for the respective time instance to a reference signal quality threshold, to obtain either a first quality state or a second quality state. As described above, the received reference signal block may be labeled as non-DTX when the quality criterion (i.e., the quality criterion of determining the quality state, such as the reference signal quality threshold) is met and as DTX otherwise, according to some embodiments.

These first and second quality states may be a non-DTX state and a DTX state, respectively, the non-DTX state corresponding to reference signal qualities higher than the reference signal quality threshold. Thus, for example, the quality state may be determined based on whether or not a signal quality metric (e.g., SINR) of the received reference signal or signals meets a quality criterion (e.g., falls above a threshold value). As described above, the received reference signal block may be labeled as non-DTX when the quality criterion is met and as DTX otherwise, according to some embodiments.

420 In various embodiments, the filtering of the quality states in stepcomprises using a first filter function when a most recent quality state is the first quality state and using a second filter function when the most recent quality state is the second quality state, the first and second filter functions being different. Thereby, the filter may be configured to respond differently (e.g., which different speed) depending on whether the most recent quality state is the first or second quality state.

This may be particularly useful, for approaches wherein a filter should respond more quickly to non-DTX detection than to DTX detection. For example, the filtering may comprise letting an influence (or impact) of the most recent quality state on a filter output be higher for the first filter function than for the second filter function. Alternatively, or additionally, the first filter function may have a higher forgetting factor than the second filter function.

As already mentioned, the quality states may be represented by numerical values, for example. Thus, in various embodiments the first and second quality states correspond to first and second numerical values, respectively, and filtering the quality states comprises calculated the usability metric as a function of the numerical value for a most recent quality state and a previous value for the filtered quality state value, to obtain the filtered quality state value.

In some of these embodiments, this function is asymmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values.

For example, the first numerical value may be zero and an effect of the function when the most recent quality state corresponds to the first numerical value may be that of dividing the previous value for the filtered quality state value by a first filter parameter having a value greater than one. Alternatively, or additionally, an effect of the function when the most recent quality state corresponds to the second numerical value may be that of adding the previous value for the filtered quality state value, multiplied by a second filter parameter having a value between zero and one, to the value for the most recent quality state value, multiplied by a third filter parameter having a value between zero and one.

In an example, the function takes the form of:

where

b is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, 0 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, K is a filter parameter having a value greater than 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource.

In other embodiments, the function may be symmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values. In an example, the function takes the form of:

where

b is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, −1 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource.

430 In some embodiments, the step of determining in stepof whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises comparing the filtered quality state value to a quality state threshold.

In some embodiments, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises, for a first spatial resource, evaluating the filtered quality state value for the first spatial resource jointly with a filtered quality state value for a second spatial resource. In some of these embodiments, for example, the first spatial resource may be a first beam having a beam direction and a first antenna polarization while the second spatial resource is a second beam having the same beam direction (as the first beam) and a second antenna polarization, the second antenna polarization differing from the first antenna polarization.

2 3 FIGS.and In some embodiments, the method comprises, for a first spatial resource being a beam of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of antenna ports for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the plurality of antenna ports, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports (compare with examples of). In some of these embodiments, determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection if at least one of the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports fulfills a threshold requirement. The threshold requirement may be predetermined, or may be dynamically variable.

2 3 FIGS.and In some embodiments, the method may comprise, for a first spatial resource being an antenna port of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of beams for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the beams, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of beams (compare with examples of).

Generally, the reference signals used to determine the quality states for the spatial resources may be any suitable reference signaling. For example, the reference signals may comprise one or more of: uplink reference signals, sounding reference signals (SRS:s), demodulation reference signals (DMRS:s), and phase tracking reference signals.

Also generally, at least some of the reference signals may be received in different frequency intervals and during different time intervals (e.g., due to frequency hopping). The reference signals may further be received in a same slot (intra-slot hopping) or in two or more different slots (inter-slot hopping), according to some embodiments.

430 4 FIG.A Stepof, i.e., determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value, may involve marking the spatial resource as valid or invalid, according to some embodiments. Valid spatial resources may then be used for spatial resource selection according to any suitable approach, while invalid spatial resources may be excluded from spatial resource selection (e.g., by setting corresponding channel estimates to zero).

4 FIG.A Considering a spatial resource for selection may generally comprise one or more of: actually selecting that spatial resource, having that spatial resource as a candidate for selection, and selecting a spatial resource which is a combination of that spatial resource and other spatial resources, any of which may be embodied in a selection step. Thus, in some embodiments the method shown inmay be followed by the step of selecting one or more spatial resources determined as valid (i.e., to be considered). The selected spatial resource may be for use by the transmitter for a subsequent transmission to a reception node or nodes.

4 FIG.A In some applications, beams (spatial resources) processed according to the steps shown inare not used directly as transmission beams. Instead, the selection of one or more of these beams as a spatial resource may comprise calculation of a precoder for transmission (selected spatial resource) based on the channel estimates of the valid/considerable beams.

4 FIG.A It should be noted that selection of a spatial resource (whether it is a spatial resource processed in the steps ofor a combination of such spatial resources) may be used for other purposes than transmission. Other examples include using the selected spatial resource(s) for reception equalization and/or scheduling of transmissions for outgoing or incoming traffic.

430 430 The determination in stepof whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may be implemented in various ways. For example, stepmay comprise determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on more than one filtered quality state value corresponding to the spatial resource.

430 Alternatively, or additionally, stepmay comprise determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on one or more filtered quality state values associated with other spatial resources.

4 FIG.A 4 FIGS.B-D 4 FIG.B 440 440 440 Some embodiments (e.g., the method of) may be applicable in scenarios for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources as will be exemplified in connection with.illustrates an example methodaccording to some embodiments. The example methodmay be for a transmitter node and/or a network node. The example methodmay, in some embodiments, be performed, or performable, by a radio access node, a base station, or a control node of a communication network.

440 440 The methodis for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources. The methodis particularly applicable in reciprocity scenarios.

The spatial resources may, for example, be beams of a beam-forming application, or antennas of a multi-antenna arrangement, or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) streams.

441 In optional step, one or more reception nodes (e.g., user equipments, UE:s) may be configured to transmit reference signals for use in the spatial resource selection. The configuration may be in accordance with any suitable approach. For example, the configuration may involve transmission of a configuration signal to the reception node(s). The configuration may, for example, specify one or more of: whether or not to apply frequency hopping, a frequency hopping pattern (in time and/or frequency domain), whether to apply inter-slot or intra-slot hopping, etc.

442 443 444 Steps,andmay be performed for each spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources.

442 In step, a plurality of reference signal blocks (RS:s) are received using the spatial resource. For example, when the spatial resource selection concerns transmission beam selection, the reference signal blocks may be received using a corresponding reception beam. The plurality of reference signal blocks may comprise two, three, four, or more reference signal blocks.

Generally, the reference signal blocks may be any suitable reference signaling. For example, the reference signal blocks may comprise one or more of: uplink reference signals, sounding reference signals (SRS:s), demodulation reference signals (DMRS:s), and phase tracking reference signals.

Also generally, at least some of the reference signal blocks are received in different frequency intervals and during different time intervals (e.g., due to frequency hopping). The reference signal blocks may further be received in a same slot (intra-slot hopping) or in two or more different slots (inter-slot hopping), according to some embodiments.

443 In step, it is determined—for each received reference signal block—whether or not a signal quality metric (e.g., SINR) of the received reference signal block meets a quality criterion (e.g., falls above a threshold value). As described above, the received reference signal block may be labeled as non-DTX when the quality criterion is met and as DTX otherwise, according to some embodiments.

444 In step, it is determined whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the quality criterion determinations of the received reference signal blocks.

444 Stepmay involve marking the spatial resource as valid or invalid, according to some embodiments. Valid spatial resources may then be used for spatial resource selection according to any suitable approach, while invalid spatial resources may be excluded from spatial resource selection (e.g., by setting corresponding channel estimates to zero).

400 443 444 440 410 420 430 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.A In some embodiments, the methodofmay be performed in stepsandof the method. Then, determining whether or not a signal quality metric of the received reference signal block meets a quality criterion and determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the quality criterion determinations of the received reference signal blocks may comprise determining the quality state(s) based on signal quality metric(s) (e.g., SINR) as described in connection with stepof, filtering the quality state(s) as described in connection with stepof, and determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value as described in connection with stepof. For example, the quality criterion may correspond to the threshold to which the filtered quality state value is compared in some embodiments.

445 Considering a spatial resource for selection may generally comprise one or more of: actually selecting that spatial resource, having that spatial resource as a candidate for selection, and selecting a spatial resource which is a combination of that spatial resource and other spatial resources, any of which may be embodied in a selection step as illustrated by optional step.

445 444 In optional step, a spatial resource is selected based on the spatial resources determined as valid (i.e., to be considered) in step. The selected spatial resource may be for use by the transmitter for transmission to the reception node(s).

446 In optional step, the selected spatial resource is used for transmission.

442 444 445 In some typical applications, the beams (spatial resources) processed in steps-are not used directly as transmission beams. Instead, the selection of stepcomprises calculation of a precoder for transmission (selected spatial resource) based on the channel estimates of the valid/considerable beams.

442 444 It should be noted that selection of a spatial resource (whether it is a spatial resource processed in steps-, or a combination of such spatial resources) may be used for other purposes than transmission. Other examples include using the selected spatial resource(s) for reception equalization and/or scheduling of transmissions for outgoing or incoming traffic.

444 The determination in stepof whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may be implemented in various ways.

444 For example, stepmay comprise determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on more than one of the quality criterion determinations of the received reference signal blocks.

444 Alternatively, or additionally, stepmay comprise determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on one or more quality criterion determinations associated with received reference signal blocks other than the most recently received reference signal block and/or associated with received reference signal blocks other than a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot).

444 Yet alternatively, or additionally, stepmay comprise determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection in one frequency interval based on one or more quality criterion determinations associated with received reference signal blocks received in other frequency intervals.

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for the most recently received reference signal block.

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for the most recently received reference signal block.

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot).

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot).

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least a first number (e.g., one, two, half, all, or any other suitable threshold value) of the plurality of received reference signal blocks, or of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot).

444 In some embodiments, stepmay comprise determining that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least a second number (e.g., one, two, half, all, or any other suitable threshold value; which may be the same as—or differ from—the first number) of the plurality of received reference signal blocks, or of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot).

444 In some embodiments, the determination of stepmay be further based on whether the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot) of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources.

For example, when the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., to an extent that the corresponding spatial resource will be considered for selection), a first (default) approach may be used for determining whether the spatial resource under consideration is (also) to be considered for selection, while when the quality criterion is not met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., such that no spatial resource will be considered for selection if the first approach was used), a second approach may be used for determining whether the spatial resource under consideration is to be considered for selection. The second approach is typically more relaxed than the first approach; allowing spatial resources to be considered more easily. The second approach may be seen as a worst case scenario approach.

Generally, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may be further based on whether or not the plurality of reference signal blocks are received in a same time slot (intra-slot frequency hopping or inter-slot frequency hopping).

444 Also generally, determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may comprise letting the quality criterion determination of a first received reference signal block have more impact than the quality criterion determination of a second received reference signal block when the first received reference signal block is more recently received than the second received reference signal block. In such approaches, relatively old reference signal blocks may be seen as less trusted than relatively new reference signal blocks. Implementation may be achieved by applying weights in the form of scaling values during the determination of step.

For example, if DTX is represented by a negative value (e.g., −1) and non-DTX is represented by a positive value (e.g., 1), all values of the previous slot may be weighted by 0.5, all values of the slot before that may be weighted by 0.25, and all values of earlier slots may be weighted by 0 (i.e., discarded). Then, the weighted values may be summed and the result compared to a threshold (e.g., 0) to determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection.

444 In some embodiments, the determination of stepmay further comprise applying a determination regarding consideration of a spatial resource for one frequency interval also to other frequency intervals than those in which the plurality of reference signal blocks are received. For example, such application may be to one or more frequency intervals in which none of the plurality of reference signal blocks are received. This may be particularly useful, for example, when a reception frequency range does not cover the entire transmission frequency range, and/or for inter-slot hopping.

444 It should be noted that any suitable combination of the above approaches relating to stepmay also be applicable according to some embodiments.

4 FIG.C 318 338 358 319 339 359 schematically illustrates some various spatial resource categorizations according to some embodiments, in a context of a reference signal frequency range;;and a time duration;;(e.g., defined through a number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing— OFDM—symbols).

311 312 313 314 310 320 Parts (a) and (b) show intra-slot frequency hopping scenarios. Thus, the plurality of reference signal blocks,,,are received in a same time slot. A corresponding beam validity is schematically illustrated by.

311 313 314 312 320 318 In the example of part (a), reference signal blocks,, andhave signal quality metrics that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blockhas a signal quality metric that meets the quality criterion, and the beamis considered invalid (also illustrated by striping) for the entire frequency range.

320 314 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for the most recently received reference signal blockmay yield the result illustrated in part (a).

320 311 313 314 311 312 313 314 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least one,,of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,,,may yield the result illustrated in part (a).

320 311 312 313 314 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least a number (e.g., one, two/half, or three) of the plurality of received reference signal blocks, or of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,,,may yield the result illustrated in part (a).

314 311 312 313 320 318 In the example of part (b), reference signal blockhas a signal quality metric that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blocks,,have signal quality metrics that meet the quality criterion, and the beamis considered valid for the entire frequency range.

320 311 312 313 311 312 313 314 488 4 FIG.D Determining that the spatial resourceis to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least one,,of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,,,(compare with stepofto be described later) may yield the result illustrated in part (b).

320 311 312 313 314 Determining that the spatial resourceis to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least a number (e.g., one, two/half, or three) of the plurality of received reference signal blocks, or of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,,,may yield the result illustrated in part (b).

331 332 333 334 351 352 353 354 330 350 340 360 Parts (c), (d), (e) and (f) show inter-slot frequency hopping scenarios. Thus, the plurality of reference signal blocks,,,;,,,are not received in a same time slot;. Corresponding beam validity is schematically illustrated by;.

334 331 332 333 340 330 In the example of part (c), reference signal blockhas a signal quality metric that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blocks,,have signal quality metrics that meet the quality criterion, and the beamis considered valid for the frequency intervals covered by reference signals blocks received in the slot.

340 333 333 334 286 4 FIG.D Determining that the spatial resourceis to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least oneof a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,(compare with stepofto be described later) may yield the result illustrated in part (c).

333 334 331 332 340 330 In the example of part (d), reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that meet the quality criterion, and the beamis considered invalid (also illustrated by striping) for the frequency intervals covered by reference signals blocks received in the slot.

340 334 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for the most recently received reference signal blockmay yield the result illustrated in part (d).

340 333 334 333 334 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least one,of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,may yield the result illustrated in part (d).

340 333 334 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least a number (e.g., one/half, or two) of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,may yield the result illustrated in part (d).

353 354 351 352 360 358 In the example of part (e), reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that meet the quality criterion, and the beamis considered invalid (also illustrated by striping) for the entire frequency range.

360 354 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for the most recently received reference signal blockmay yield the result illustrated in part (e).

360 353 354 353 354 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least one,of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,may yield the result illustrated in part (e).

360 353 354 Determining that the spatial resourceis not to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is not met for at least a number (e.g., one/half, or two) of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks,may yield the result illustrated in part (e).

353 354 351 352 360 358 In the example of part (f), reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that do not meet the quality criterion (illustrated by striping), while reference signal blocks,have signal quality metrics that meet the quality criterion, and the beamis considered valid for the entire frequency range.

360 351 352 351 352 353 354 285 4 FIG.D Determining that the spatial resourceis to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least one,of the plurality of received reference signal blocks,,,(compare with stepofto be described later) may yield the result illustrated in part (f).

With reference to the example of determining beam validity for a certain resource block (RB) in a scenario with SRS frequency hopping based on a determination of whether an SRS is labeled non-DTX or DTX, it may generally be beneficial to take the labels from different SRS hops into account, even when the hops are transmitted in different resource blocks. One motivation is that the SRS labels are based on time domain characteristics.

4 FIG.C 4 FIG.C 4 FIG.C 4 FIG.C 4 FIG.C As indicated above, the determination of whether a beam is valid may apply one or more of a large variety of approaches. For example, the determination of whether a beam is valid may comprise determining that the beam is invalid if there is a DTX label for the current hop (compare, e.g., with parts (a), (d) and (e) of), determining that the beam is valid if there is a non-DTX label for at least one hop (compare, e.g., with parts (b), (c) and (f) of), determining that the beam is invalid if there is a DTX label for at least one hop (compare, e.g., with parts (a), (d) and (e) of), determining that the beam is invalid if there are more hops with DTX labels than with non-DTX labels (compare, e.g., with part (a) of), determining beam validity based on the aging of labels (implemented by, e.g., weighting, filtering, discarding, etc.), determining that the beam is valid if all other beams are invalid and at least one hop has a non-DTX label for the current beam (compare, e.g., with part (f) of), determining beam validity based on the state of frequency adjacent hops (beneficial, e.g., when the frequency ranges for transmission and reception do not completely overlap), and any combinations thereof.

420 320 340 360 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.C 4 FIG.C In some embodiments, the filtering in stepofmay be applied in the context ofby determining a collective quality state as implied for(e.g., collective DTX for parts (a), (d), and (e), and collective non-DTX for parts (b), (c), and (f)), filtering that collective quality state (e.g., over time), and using the filtered quality state value to determine whether the beam is valid or invalid (compare with,,).

4 FIG.D 4 FIG.B 480 444 illustrates an example methodaccording to some embodiments. The method may be used as an implementation of stepofin some embodiments.

481 443 4 FIG.B In step, indications are acquired—for each received reference signal block—regarding whether or not a signal quality metric of the received reference signal block meets a quality criterion (compare with the determination of stepof). For example, the indications may relate to DTX/non-DTX labels (or DTX/non-DTX states).

482 482 490 482 483 In step, it is determined whether frequency hopping is enabled for reference signal transmissions. When frequency hopping is not enabled (N-path out of step), it is determined whether or not the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection (e.g., the beam is considered valid or invalid) based on received reference signal blocks according to any suitable approach, and the method proceeds directly to step, which is described later herein. When frequency hopping is enabled (Y-path out of step), the method proceeds to step.

483 483 484 483 487 In step, it is determined whether the frequency hopping is inter-slot (i.e., whether the plurality of reference signal blocks are not received in a same time slot). When the frequency hopping is inter-slot (Y-path out of step), the method proceeds to step. When the frequency hopping is not inter-slot (N-path out of step), i.e., when the frequency hopping is intra-slot and the plurality of reference signal blocks are received in a same time slot, the method proceeds to step.

484 In step(inter-slot frequency hopping; the plurality of reference signal blocks are not received in a same time slot), it is determined whether or not the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., reference signal blocks received in a current slot) of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources.

484 484 485 484 486 For example, stepmay comprise determining whether all received reference signal blocks in a current slot are labeled DTX for all of a plurality of beams under consideration. When all received reference signal blocks in a current slot are labeled DTX for all of beams (Y-path out of step), the method proceeds to step. When all received reference signal blocks in a current slot are not labeled DTX for all of beams (N-path out of step), the method proceeds to step.

486 In step, it may be determined that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for the most recently received reference signal block (e.g., the beam may be considered valid when the latest received reference signal block is labeled non-DTX), and that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection otherwise.

486 Alternatively, it may be determined in stepthat the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least one of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., the beam may be considered valid when one or more of the reference signal blocks received in a current slot are labeled non-DTX), and that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection otherwise.

486 Alternatively, it may be determined in stepthat the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least a first number of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks (e.g., the beam may be considered valid when the first number or more of the reference signal blocks received in a current slot are labeled non-DTX), and that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection otherwise.

486 In any case, the approach of stepmay be considered as a first (default) approach for inter-slot hopping, wherein beam validity is determined based on DTX states of the current slot.

485 In step, it may be determined that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection when the quality criterion is met for at least one of the received plurality of reference signal blocks (e.g., the beam may be considered valid when one or more of the reference signal blocks received in the current slot and in one or more previous slots are labeled non-DTX), and that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection otherwise.

485 The approach of stepmay be considered as a second approach for inter-slot hopping, wherein beam validity is determined based on DTX states of more than the current slot.

487 In step(intra-slot frequency hopping; the plurality of reference signal blocks are received in the same time slot), it is determined whether or not the quality criterion is met for at least one of the plurality of received reference signal blocks of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources.

487 For example, stepmay comprise determining whether at least one received reference signal block in a current slot is labeled non-DTX.

487 488 When at least one received reference signal block in a current slot is labeled non-DTX (Y-path out of step), the method proceeds to step, where it is determined that the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection (e.g., the beam is considered valid).

487 489 When all received reference signal blocks in a current slot are labeled DTX (N-path out of step), the method proceeds to step, where it is determined that the spatial resource is not to be considered for spatial resource selection (e.g., the beam is considered invalid).

485 486 488 489 482 490 After any of steps,,, and, as well as after taking the N-path out of step, the method proceeds to step.

490 445 4 FIG.B In step, inputs to spatial resource selection (compare with stepof) are prepared based on the determinations of whether or not the respective spatial resources are to be considered (e.g., validity of beams). For example, channel estimates of valid spatial resources may be used directly as inputs to spatial resource selection, while invalid spatial resources may be excluded from spatial resource selection (e.g., by setting corresponding channel estimates to zero).

In some embodiments, the determination of whether or not a spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection (e.g., whether a beam is valid or invalid) may apply to (only) frequency intervals where the reference signal block was received which has a signal quality metric corresponding to the spatial resource determination (e.g., meeting the quality criterion in the case of valid beams and not meeting the quality criterion in the case of invalid beams).

Alternatively, the determination of whether or not a spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may apply to (only) frequency intervals where the reference signal blocks of a group of most recently received reference signal blocks was received (e.g., frequency intervals covered by reference signal blocks received in the current slot).

Alternatively, the determination of whether or not a spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may apply to (only) all frequency intervals where the reference signal blocks of the plurality of reference signal blocks was received.

Alternatively, the determination of whether or not a spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection may apply to all frequency intervals where the spatial resource may be relevant.

420 485 486 488 489 490 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.C 4 FIG.D 4 FIG.D 4 FIG.D In some embodiments, the filtering in stepofmay be applied in the context of, for example, in the following way. Before determination as valid or invalid in any of the steps,,, and, an intermediate quality state is determined. For example, a determination as valid in the description ofmay be replaced by a determination of intermediate quality state non-DTX, and a determination as invalid in the description ofmay be replaced by a determination of intermediate quality state DTX. The intermediate quality states are filtered as described earlier herein, and the filter output values are used to for determination as valid or invalid before proceeding to stepof.

5 FIG. 502 503 501 As noted above, spatial resource selection using the techniques described herein may provide performance advantages, particularly in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios.illustrates an example of (downlink, DL) throughput performanceusing (e.g., some of) the present techniques for beam validation with filtered DTX, in an NLoS scenario, as compared to beam validation with instantaneous DTX, and beam selection without validation. The DL throughput is shown as a function of DL SNR.

6 7 FIGS.and each schematically illustrates an example apparatus for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources according to some embodiments.

6 FIG. 60 60 60 shows an example network nodethat may correspond to any of the access nodes described herein, whether acting as a target node or source node of a handover. Network nodemay be configured to carry out one or more of these disclosed techniques. Network nodemay be an evolved Node B (eNodeB), Node B or gNB, for example. Network node may represent a radio network node such as base station, radio base station, base transceiver station, base station controller, network controller, NR BS, Multi-cell/multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), relay node, access point, radio access point, Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Remote Radio Head (RRH), or a multi-standard BS (MSR BS).

60 60 In the discussion herein, network nodeis described as being configured to operate as a cellular network access node in an LTE network or NR network, but network nodemay also correspond to similar access nodes in other types of network.

62 Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate how each type of node may be adapted to carry out one or more of the methods and signaling processes described herein, e.g., through the modification of and/or addition of appropriate program instructions for execution by processing circuits.

60 60 68 60 64 66 66 Network nodefacilitates communication between wireless terminals (e.g., UEs), other network access nodes and/or the core network. Network nodemay include communication interface circuitrythat includes circuitry for communicating with other nodes in the core network, radio nodes, and/or other types of nodes in the network for the purposes of providing data and/or cellular communication services. Network nodecommunicates with wireless devices using antennasand transceiver circuitry. Transceiver circuitrymay include transmitter circuits, receiver circuits, and associated control circuits that are collectively configured to transmit and receive signals according to a radio access technology, for the purposes of providing cellular communication services.

60 62 66 68 62 62 62 62 Network nodealso includes one or more processing circuitsthat are operatively associated with the transceiver circuitryand, in some cases, the communication interface circuitry. Processing circuitrycomprises one or more digital processors, e.g., one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any mix thereof. More generally, processing circuitrymay comprise fixed circuitry, or programmable circuitry that is specially configured via the execution of program instructions implementing the functionality taught herein, or some mix of fixed and programmed circuitry. Processormay be multi-core, i.e., having two or more processor cores utilized for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks.

62 64 64 66 68 64 66 64 62 62 64 68 60 62 64 Processing circuitryalso includes a memory. Memory, in some embodiments, stores one or more computer programsand, optionally, configuration data. Memoryprovides non-transitory storage for the computer programand it may comprise one or more types of computer-readable media, such as disk storage, solid-state memory storage, or any mix thereof. Here, “non-transitory” means permanent, semi-permanent, or at least temporarily persistent storage and encompasses both long-term storage in non-volatile memory and storage in working memory, e.g., for program execution. By way of non-limiting example, memorycomprises any one or more of SRAM, DRAM, EEPROM, and FLASH memory, which may be in processing circuitryand/or separate from processing circuitry. Memorymay also store any configuration dataused by the network access node. Processing circuitrymay be configured, e.g., through the use of appropriate program code stored in memory, to carry out one or more of the methods and/or signaling processes detailed hereinafter.

62 60 4 FIG.A Processing circuitryof the network nodeis configured, according to some embodiments, to perform the techniques described herein for a network node or for a transmitting node, such as a node configured to carry out a method according to the method ofor variants thereof.

7 FIG. 4 FIG.A 710 710 illustrates an apparatusthat may be comprisable, or comprised, in a network node (e.g., a radio access node such as a base station, or a network control node such as a centralized server node) according to some embodiments. Alternatively, or additionally, the apparatusmay be configured to cause execution of (e.g., execute) one or more of the method steps of, or (method steps) otherwise described herein.

700 4 FIG.A The apparatus comprises a controller (CNTR; e.g., controlling circuitry or a control module). The controller may be configured to cause execution of (e.g., execute or carry out) one or more of the method steps of, or variants thereof.

7 FIG. 4 FIG.B 4 FIG.B 4 FIG.B 730 442 446 441 To this end, the controller may comprise, or be otherwise associated with (e.g., connectable, or connected, to) a receiver (e.g., receiving circuitry or a reception module) and/or a transmitter (e.g., transmitting circuitry or a transmission module). In the example of, each of the receiver and the transmitter is illustrated as part of a transceiver (TX/RX; e.g., radio circuitry configured to communicate with one or more wireless devices). The receiver may be configured to receive a plurality of reference signals as described above (compare with stepof). The transmitter may be configured to transmit using a selected spatial resource (compare with stepof) and/or to transmit a configuration for reception nodes (compare with stepof).

410 4 FIG.A The controller is configured to cause, for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources, determination, for each of a plurality of time instances, of a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource (compare with stepof).

420 4 FIG.A The controller is also configured to cause filtering of the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource (compare with stepof).

430 4 FIG.A The controller is also configured to cause determination of whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value (compare with stepof).

For example, the controller may be configured to determine, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for a spatial resource, based on received reference signals and to filter the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource. Alternatively, or additionally, the controller may be configured to determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

701 To this end, the controller may comprise, or be otherwise associated with (e.g., connectable, or connected, to) a determiner (DET; e.g., determining circuitry or a determination module). The determiner may be configured to determine, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for a spatial resource, based on received reference signals, to filter the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource, and to determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

443 444 4 FIG.B In some embodiments, the controller is configured to cause determination of whether signal quality metrics of the received reference signal blocks meet the quality criterion, and—based thereon—whether the spatial resources are to be considered for spatial resource selection (compare with steps,of).

To this end, the determiner may be configured to determine whether signal quality metrics of the received reference signal blocks meet the quality criterion, and—based thereon—whether the spatial resources are to be considered for spatial resource selection.

In some embodiments, the controller may comprise processing circuitry operatively coupled to the radio circuitry and configured to control the radio circuitry and to determine, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource, filter the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource, and determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value.

445 4 FIG.B The controller may also be configured to cause selection of a spatial resource based on spatial resources which have been determined to be considered for spatial resource selection (compare with stepof).

702 To this end, the controller may comprise, or be otherwise associated with (e.g., connectable, or connected, to) a selector (SEL; e.g., selecting circuitry or a selection module). The selector may be configured to select a spatial resource based on spatial resources which have been determined to be considered for spatial resource selection.

The described embodiments and their equivalents may be realized in software or hardware or a combination thereof. The embodiments may be performed by general purpose circuitry. Examples of general purpose circuitry include digital signal processors (DSP), central processing units (CPU), co-processor units, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and other programmable hardware. Alternatively, or additionally, the embodiments may be performed by specialized circuitry, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASIC). The general purpose circuitry and/or the specialized circuitry may, for example, be associated with or comprised in an apparatus such as a network node (e.g., a base station).

Embodiments may appear within an electronic apparatus (such as a network node) comprising arrangements, circuitry, and/or logic according to any of the embodiments described herein. Alternatively, or additionally, an electronic apparatus (such as a network node) may be configured to perform methods according to any of the embodiments described herein.

8 FIG. 800 820 810 60 830 According to some embodiments, a computer program product comprises a tangible, or non-tangible, computer readable medium such as, for example a universal serial bus (USB) memory, a plug-in card, an embedded drive or a read only memory (ROM).illustrates an example computer readable medium in the form of a compact disc (CD) ROM. The computer readable medium has stored thereon a computer program comprising program instructions. The computer program is loadable into a data processor (PROC; e.g., data processing circuitry or a data processing unit), which may, for example, be comprised in a network nodeor. When loaded into the data processor, the computer program may be stored in a memory (MEM)associated with or comprised in the processor (e.g., data processing unit). According to some embodiments, the computer program may, when loaded into and run by the data processor (e.g., data processing unit), cause execution of method steps according to, for example, any of the methods described herein.

9 FIG. 910 911 914 911 912 912 912 913 913 913 912 912 912 914 915 991 913 912 992 913 912 991 992 912 a b c a b c a b c c c a a With reference to, in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network, such as a radio access network, and core network. Access networkcomprises a plurality of base stations,,, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area,,. Each base station,,is connectable to core networkover a wired or wireless connection. A first UElocated in coverage areais configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station. A second UEin coverage areais wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station. While a plurality of UEs,are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station.

910 930 930 921 922 910 930 914 930 920 920 920 920 Telecommunication networkis itself connected to host computer, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computermay be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connectionsandbetween telecommunication networkand host computermay extend directly from core networkto host computeror may go via an optional intermediate network. Intermediate networkmay be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate networkmay comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

9 FIG. 991 992 930 950 930 991 992 950 911 914 920 950 950 912 930 991 912 991 930 The communication system ofas a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs,and host computer. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection. Host computerand the connected UEs,are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection, using access network, core network, any intermediate networkand possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connectionmay be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connectionpasses are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base stationmay not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computerto be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE. Similarly, base stationneed not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UEtowards the host computer.

10 FIG. 1000 1010 1015 1016 1000 1010 1018 1018 1010 1011 1010 1018 1011 1012 1012 1030 1050 1030 1010 1012 1050 Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to. In communication system, host computercomprises hardwareincluding communication interfaceconfigured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system. Host computerfurther comprises processing circuitry, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitrymay comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computerfurther comprises software, which is stored in or accessible by host computerand executable by processing circuitry. Softwareincludes host application. Host applicationmay be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UEconnecting via OTT connectionterminating at UEand host computer. In providing the service to the remote user, host applicationmay provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection.

1000 1020 1025 1010 1030 1025 1026 1000 1027 1070 1030 1020 1026 1060 1010 1060 1025 1020 1028 1020 1021 10 FIG. 10 FIG. Communication systemfurther includes base stationprovided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardwareenabling it to communicate with host computerand with UE. Hardwaremay include communication interfacefor setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system, as well as radio interfacefor setting up and maintaining at least wireless connectionwith UElocated in a coverage area (not shown in) served by base station. Communication interfacemay be configured to facilitate connectionto host computer. Connectionmay be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardwareof base stationfurther includes processing circuitry, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base stationfurther has softwarestored internally or accessible via an external connection.

1000 1030 1035 1037 1070 1030 1035 1030 1038 1030 1031 1030 1038 1031 1032 1032 1030 1010 1010 1012 1032 1050 1030 1010 1032 1012 1050 1032 Communication systemfurther includes UEalready referred to. Its hardwaremay include radio interfaceconfigured to set up and maintain wireless connectionwith a base station serving a coverage area in which UEis currently located. Hardwareof UEfurther includes processing circuitry, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UEfurther comprises software, which is stored in or accessible by UEand executable by processing circuitry. Softwareincludes client application. Client applicationmay be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE, with the support of host computer. In host computer, an executing host applicationmay communicate with the executing client applicationvia OTT connectionterminating at UEand host computer. In providing the service to the user, client applicationmay receive request data from host applicationand provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connectionmay transfer both the request data and the user data. Client applicationmay interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

1010 1020 1030 930 912 912 912 991 992 10 FIG. 9 FIG. 10 FIG. 9 FIG. a b c It is noted that host computer, base stationand UEillustrated inmay be similar or identical to host computer, one of base stations,,and one of UEs,of, respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown inand independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of.

10 FIG. 1050 1010 1030 1020 1030 1010 1050 In, OTT connectionhas been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computerand UEvia base station, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UEor from the service provider operating host computer, or both. While OTT connectionis active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network).

1070 1030 1020 1030 1050 1070 Wireless connectionbetween UEand base stationis in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UEusing OTT connection, in which wireless connectionforms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the spatial resource selection to be used by a transmitter, and thereby provide benefits such as increased throughput.

1050 1010 1030 1050 1011 1015 1010 1031 1035 1030 1050 1011 1031 1050 1020 1020 1010 1011 1031 1050 A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connectionbetween host computerand UE, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connectionmay be implemented in softwareand hardwareof host computeror in softwareand hardwareof UE, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connectionpasses; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software,may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connectionmay include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer's measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that softwareandcauses messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connectionwhile it monitors propagation times, errors etc.

11 FIG. 9 10 FIGS.and 11 FIG. 1110 1111 1110 1120 1130 1140 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references towill be included in this section. In step, the host computer provides user data. In substep(which may be optional) of step, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step(which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step(which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

12 FIG. 9 10 FIGS.and 12 FIG. 1210 1220 1230 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references towill be included in this section. In stepof the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step(which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

13 FIG. 9 10 FIGS.and 13 FIG. 1310 1320 1321 1320 1311 1310 1330 1340 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references towill be included in this section. In step(which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally, or alternatively, in step, the UE provides user data. In substep(which may be optional) of step, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep(which may be optional) of step, the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep(which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In stepof the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

14 FIG. 9 10 FIGS.and 14 FIG. 1410 1420 1430 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references towill be included in this section. In step(which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step(which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step(which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

912 1020 1130 1420 446 a c 4 FIG.B Some embodiment described herein may be applicable for one or more of the base stations-,, and/or in combination with one or more of the steps,(compare with stepof), for example.

Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used.

Reference has been made herein to various embodiments. However, a person skilled in the art would recognize numerous variations to the described embodiments that would still fall within the scope of the claims.

For example, the method embodiments described herein discloses example methods through steps being performed in a certain order. However, it is recognized that these sequences of events may take place in another order without departing from the scope of the claims. Furthermore, some method steps may be performed in parallel even though they have been described as being performed in sequence. Thus, the steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step.

In the same manner, it should be noted that in the description of embodiments, the partition of functional blocks into particular units is by no means intended as limiting. Contrarily, these partitions are merely examples. Functional blocks described herein as one unit may be split into two or more units. Furthermore, functional blocks described herein as being implemented as two or more units may be merged into fewer (e.g. a single) unit.

Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever suitable. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa.

Hence, it should be understood that the details of the described embodiments are merely examples brought forward for illustrative purposes, and that all variations that fall within the scope of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

determining, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource; filtering the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource; and determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value. B1. A method for spatial resource selection from a plurality of spatial resources, the method comprising, for each of at least one spatial resource of the plurality of spatial resources: B2. The method of example embodiment B1, wherein each quality state is determined by comparing a reference signal quality for the respective time instance to a reference signal quality threshold, to obtain either a first quality state or a second quality state. B3. The method of example embodiment B2, wherein the first and second quality states are a non-DTX state and a DTX state, respectively, the non-DTX states corresponding to reference signal qualities higher than the reference signal quality threshold. B4. The method of example embodiments B2 or B3, wherein the first and second quality states correspond to first and second numerical values, respectively, and wherein filtering the quality states comprises calculating a usability metric as a function of the numerical value for a most recent quality state and a previous value for the filtered quality state value, to obtain the filtered quality state value. B5. The method of example embodiment B4, wherein the function is asymmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values. B6. The method of example embodiment B5, wherein the function takes the form of:

where

b  is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, 0 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, K is a filter parameter having a value greater than 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource. B7. The method of example embodiment B4, wherein the function is symmetric with respect to the function's response to the first and second numerical values. B8. The method of example embodiment B7, wherein the function takes the form of:

where

b  is the filtered quality state value, DTXis the most recent quality state, −1 and 1 are the first and second numerical values,

is the previous value for the filtered quality state value, a is a filter parameter having a value between 0 and 1, and b is an index to the spatial resource. B9. The method of any of example embodiments B1-B8, wherein determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises comparing the filtered quality state value to a quality state threshold. B10. The method of any of example embodiments B1-B8, wherein determining whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises, for a first spatial resource, evaluating the filtered quality state value for the first spatial resource jointly with a filtered quality state value for a second spatial resource. B11. The method of example embodiment B10, wherein the first spatial resource is a first beam having a beam direction and a first antenna polarization and the second spatial resource is a second beam having the same beam direction and a second antenna polarization, the second antenna polarization differing from the first antenna polarization. B12. The method of any of example embodiments B1-B8, wherein the method comprises, for a first spatial resource being a beam of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of antenna ports for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the plurality of antenna ports, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports. B13. The method of example embodiment B12, wherein determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection comprises determining that the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection if at least one of the filtered quality state values for the plurality of antenna ports fulfills a predetermined threshold requirement. B14. The method of any of example embodiments B1-B8, wherein the method comprises, for a first spatial resource being an antenna port of a first node, filtering quality states corresponding to each of a plurality of beams for a second node, to obtain filtered quality state values for each of the beams, and determining whether the first spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state values for the plurality of beams. B15. An apparatus adapted to carry out a method according to any one of example embodiments B1-B14. determine, for each of a plurality of time instances, a quality state for the spatial resource, based on reference signals received on the spatial resource; filter the quality states, to determine a filtered quality state value for the spatial resource; and determine whether the spatial resource is to be considered for spatial resource selection based on the filtered quality state value. B16. A base station apparatus, comprising radio circuitry configured to communicate with one or more wireless devices and processing circuitry operatively coupled to the radio circuitry and configured to control the radio circuitry and to: B17. The base station apparatus of example embodiment B16, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to carry out a method according to any one of example embodiments B2-B14.

processing circuitry configured to perform a method according to any one of example embodiments B1-B14; power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station. C1. A base station for spatial resource selection, the base station comprising:

processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station's processing circuitry configured to perform any one of example embodiments B1-B14. D1. A communication system including a host computer comprising: D2. The communication system of embodiment D1 further including the base station. D3. The communication system of any of embodiments D1 through D2, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. D4. The communication system of any of embodiments D1 through D3, wherein: at the host computer, providing user data; and at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any one of example embodiments B1-B14. D5. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: D6. The method of embodiment D5, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data. D7. The method of any of embodiments D5 through D6, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application. D8. A base station configured to communicate with a user equipment (UE), the base station comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform the method of any of embodiments D5 through D7. D9. A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station's processing circuitry configured to perform any one of example embodiments B1-B14. D10. The communication system of embodiment D9 further including the base station. D11. The communication system of any of embodiments D9 through D10, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer. D12. The communication system of any of embodiments D9 through D10, wherein: at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the base station performs any one of example embodiments B1-B14. D13. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: D14. The method of embodiment D13, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE. D15. The method of any of embodiments D13 through D14, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer.