Polychromic microLED emitters for data communications

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) provide an efficient and relatively smaller source of light compared to conventional light sources. The use of LEDs has evolved from systems that provide purely ambient lighting to more complicated systems, for example those incorporated in portable devices. Due at least in part to wide variety of LED applications, there is ongoing effort to improve LED technology, applications that use LEDs, as well as develop new LED uses.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. Elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. The configurations shown in the drawings are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting in any manner.

The use of the LEDs in electronic devices has increased rapidly as the number and types of devices have expanded in various ways. Beyond mere displays, for example, compact light sources have recently been incorporated in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices, among others. Such devices may be enabled by arrays of LEDs, and in some cases, specifically microLED arrays.

2 A microLED array may contain thousands to millions of microscopic microLEDs that may be individually controlled or controlled in groups of pixels (e.g., 5×5 groups of pixels). MicroLEDs are relatively small (e.g., <0.07 mm on a side) and may provide monochromic or multi-chromic light, typically red, green, blue, or yellow using inorganic semiconductor material. Other LEDs may have a size, for example, of about 4 mm, 250 micron×250 micron, or larger. Unless otherwise indicated, discussions of LEDs herein include microLEDs.

Active layers of LEDs in general may be formed from one or more inorganic materials usually either III-V materials (defined by columns of the Periodic Table) or II-VI materials. For example, LEDs may be formed using doped gallium nitride (GaN) or ternary compounds such as aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), or indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) or quaternary compounds such as indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP).

2 3 LEDs may emit light in the visible spectrum (about 400 nm to about 800 nm) and/or may emit light in the infrared spectrum (above about 800 nm). LEDs may be formed by epitaxially growing active, n- and p-type semiconductors on a rigid substrate (which may be textured). The substrate may include, for example, sapphire aluminum oxide (AlO) or silicon carbide (SiC), among others. In particular, various layers are deposited and processed on the substrate during fabrication of the LEDs to form a LED array. The surface of the substrate may be pretreated to anneal, etch, polish, etc. the surface prior to deposition of the various semiconductor, dielectric, and conductive layers used to form an LED structure. The original substrate may be removed and replaced by suppporting structure such as a temporary substrate or a relatively thin transparent substrate, such as glass or polyimide. In general, the various active layers may be fabricated using epitaxial semiconductor deposition to provide one or more semiconductor layers, metal deposition (e.g., by sputtering), oxide growth, as well as etching, liftoff, and cleaning, among other operations.

In some aspects, the substrate (original or temporary) may be removed from the LED structure after fabrication and after connection to contacts on a backplane via metal bonding such as wire or ball bonding. The backplane may be a printed circuit board or wafer containing integrated circuits (ICs), such as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) IC wafer.

The semiconductor deposition operations may be used to create an active region of the LED in which electron-hole recombination occurs and the light from the LED is generated. The active region may be, for example, one or more quantum wells. Metal contacts may be used to drive provide current to the n- and p-type semiconductors from the ICs of the backplane on which the LED array is disposed. Methods of depositing materials, layers, and thin films may include, for example: sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and combinations thereof, among others.

In some aspects, one or more other layers, such as a phosphor-converting layer that contains phosphor particles, may be disposed on some or all of the LEDs or across the LED array to convert at least a portion of the light from the LEDs to light of a different wavelength. For example, blue light may be converted into near infrared light or white light by the phosphor-converting layer. In other embodiments, one or more optics such as lenses or reflectors (at the wavelength emitted by the active region) may be disposed on some or all of the LEDs or across the LED array to adjust the light from the LEDs.

As above, LEDs have been used in a variety of applications. One application into which LEDs have made limited inroads is optical communications. Typically, lasers have been used in optical communcations for a variety of reasons that include available power and narrow wavelength, allowing a longer range of communications to be used with limited signal regeneration (i.e., booster) stations, if used. The use of LEDs, however, may offer a variety of benefits, especially in short range communications such as board-to-board (e.g., PCB-PCB) communications or local (e.g., within a few feet) server-to-server communications.

1 FIG. 100 100 102 110 112 122 shows a systemin accordance with some examples. The systeminclude a devicethat contains a CMOS backplaneon which one or more light sourcesand one or more light receiversare disposed.

112 114 114 124 114 124 114 114 112 The light sourcemay include one or more segmented LED arrays, each with multiple LEDs. The light receivermay similarly include one or more segmented photodetector arrays, each with multiple photodetectors. Each of the LEDsmay produce visible and/or near infrared light, whose wavelength may be detected by one or more corresponding photodetectors. The LEDsmay be microLEDs in some embodiments. Each LEDor set of LEDs (e.g., red, green, blue LED) may form a pixel of the corresponding LED array. The light sourcemay also include one or more lasers that emit light, with light emitted by the lasers having the same or different wavelengths.

114 114 114 114 114 130 LEDsin a particular LED array that emit light in the infrared spectrum may be, for example, interspersed with LEDsthat emit light in the visible spectrum, or each type of LED (visible emitter/infrared emitter) may be disposed on different sections of the particular LED array. Alternatively, each LED array may only emit light in either the visible spectrum or the infrared spectrum; separate (one or more) LED arrays may be used to emit light in the infrared spectrum. Each of the individual LED arrays, LEDswithin each LED array, and/or groups of LEDswithin each LED array(e.g., sets of 3×3 LEDs) may be individually controllable by the processor.

124 Similarly, the photodetectorsin a particular photodetector array may be tuned (and/or the light filtered) to generate a signal based on light in a specific wavelength range. For example, photodetectors that respond to light in the infrared spectrum may be, for example, interspersed with photodetectors that respond to light in the visible spectrum, or each type of photodetector (visible/infrared) may be disposed on different sections of the particular photodetector array. Alternatively, each photodetector array may only be configured to receive light in either the visible spectrum or the infrared spectrum; separate (one or more) photodetector arrays may be used to receive light in the infrared spectrum.

114 124 132 130 130 114 114 132 LEDsand photodetectorsmay be driven using circuitrythat includes one or more drivers under control of one or more processors. The processormay independently control driving of individual LEDs, sets of LEDsin each LED array, and/or LED arrays using the circuitry.

100 106 112 104 104 104 112 122 104 1 FIG. The systemmay further include one or more optical elementssuch as one or more lenses or reflectors to concentrate and couple light from the light sourceinto an optical fiber. The optical fibermay contain a core, through which light travels, and cladding to protect the core as well as in some cases provide an index of refraction sufficiently different from that of the core to enable the light traversing the core that impinges on the cladding to be substantially reflected back into the core, as well as a coating to protect the core and cladding. The core of the optical fibermay be substantially larger than the light sourceand light receiveras shown in. For example, the size of a typical microLED is between about 1 micron and 10 microns, while the diameter of the core of the optical fibermay be on the order of a couple of mm (i.e., about 1000× the size of the microLED).

130 132 106 114 104 104 124 102 130 132 In some embodiments, the processormay control the circuitryto adjust the position of the optical elementin one or more directions to optimize coupling of light from a set of the LEDsinto the optical fiberand/or from the optical fiberto a set of the photodetectors. A shutter (not shown) may be disposed in an opening of a housing of the device. The shutter may also be controlled by the processorvia the circuitry.

104 102 104 112 122 Alternatively, the optical fibermay be physically coupled to the devicethrough an optical coupler such that the relative position of the optical fiberis fixed with respect to the light sourceand light receiver.

114 114 132 114 114 132 114 124 124 In some embodiments, the driving of the LEDsmay be controlled to provide digital information. The LEDsmay be driven using a direct current (DC) driver or pulse width modulation (PWM) in the circuitry. The LEDsmay be driven using a PWM whose phase shift varies between LEDsto reduce potential current surge issues. The circuitrymay include, for example, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters to convert analog signals to digital signals used to control driving of the LEDsand convert digital signals received by the photodetectorsto analog signals, as well as filters to filter out noise in the received signal, as well as bandpass filters to filter out light of undesired wavelengths at different photodetectors.

As above, due to the decreased available power as well as the relatively broad wavelength compared to lasers, optical communications using LEDs is typically limited to shorter distances than laser-based optical communications. In particular, arrays of individually addressable microLEDs are promising candidates for application to high-speed data communications over short distances. The small size and high electrical efficiency of microLEDs allow for favorable properties such as fast modulation speeds (on the order of 1 GHZ) and high brightness to complete the optical link.

200 202 202 206 202 202 202 202 204 204 202 202 206 204 204 204 204 206 2 FIG. a b a b a b a b a b a b a b One such connection is shown in the systemshown in, in which devices,communicate over a relatively short distance (i.e., up to about 100 m) using one or more optical fibersin an optical fiber bundle. Such devices,may be servers in a data center, used within an automobile, or used in other environments in which high speed (and bandwidth) communications and/or enhanced security is desired (due to transmission using only light). Each of the devices,has a light emitter/receiver combination,through which the devices,communicate over the optical fiber. As above, in some embodiments each of the light emitter/receiver combination,may include microLEDs as described herein as the light emitters and photodetectors (e.g., reverse-biased PN junctions) as the light receivers. Optical elements (as above lenses and/or reflectors for example) may be present in some embodiments, allowing improved coupling between the light emitter/receiver combination,and the optical fiber. In other embodiments, optical elements may not be used, in which case, the distance in which high-speed data communications may be reduced to about 10 m or under due to the rapid decrease in power with distance from the light emitter.

3 FIG. 4 FIG.A 4 FIG.B 4 FIG.A 3 4 4 FIGS.andA andB 3 FIG. 4 4 FIGS.A andB 300 400 306 404 306 404 illustrates a microLED array containing multiple subarrays, in accordance with some examples.illustrates a top view of microLED array containing polychromic pixels, in accordance with some examples;illustrates a cross-sectional view of one of the microLEDs ofin accordance with some examples. The light emitter,ofmay be used to provide high-speed data communications based on the use of multiple single color microLEDsinor polychromic microLEDsin. The term “single color” is used herein to indicate a microLED that is limited to light emission having a single peak wavelength (including wavelengths in the visible and near infrared at least); the term “polychromic” is used herein to indicate a microLED that is able to emit light selected from among multiple different peak wavelengths (i.e., selectively emit light of one or more peak wavelengths among multiple peak wavelengths available, each from a different junction). Each single color microLEDor polychromic microLEDmay form a microLED pixel (which may also include other conductive and insulating layers, such as contacts and side reflectors, and perhaps wavelength filters).

uv The use of microLEDs that emit different wavelengths may be able to increase the data transmission bandwidth through the use of correlated color temperature (CCT) and color-rendering index (CRI). In particular, the microLEDs may be driven to adjust the color temperature in addition to a relative brightness (e.g., luminous flux) of the microLEDs. The CRI is defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and provides a quantitative measure of an ability of any light source (including LEDs) to accurately represent colors in various objects in comparison with an ideal, or natural-light source. The highest possible CRI value is 100. Another metric is Du. The Du is a metric defined in, for example, CIE 1960, to represent the distance of a color point to the BBL. It is a positive value if the color point is above the BBL and a negative value if the color point is below the BBL. Color points above the BBL appear greenish in color and those below the BBL appear pinkish in color. Control of both the color temperature (CCT and D) as well as a brightness level (or luminous flux) of the microLED array may permit high-speed data communications to be obtained.

In particular, driving various colors of the microLEDs including, for example, primary color (Red-Green-Blue or RGB) microLEDs or desaturated (pastel) RGB color microLEDs, may be used to obtain light of various color temperatures with a high CRI and high efficiency. Since light output of a microLED is proportional to an amount of current used to drive the microLED, dimming a microLED can be achieved by, for example, reducing the forward current transferred to the microLED. In addition to or instead of changing an amount of current used to drive each of a number of individual microLEDs, individual microLEDs may be switched between active and deactive states to achieve an appropriate level of dimming and color temperature.

Drivers may employ an analog approach in which all colors are driven simultaneously by providing an independently-controllable current for each microLED, or a PWM approach in which each color is switched on/off at high speed using identical currents. In the latter case, a particular color is controlled by changing the duty cycle of each color. For example, a first microLED that generates a first color is driven with a current for a first amount of time, a second microLED that generates a second color is driven with the same current for a second amount of time, and a third microLED that generates a third color is driven with the same current for a third amount of time. The first, second, and third amounts of time may be identical or one or more may be different. Drivers may include, for example, Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), each having a gate to which an individual PWM signal is applied and having a source to which a constant current is supplied. While in some embodiments, each MOSFET may correspond to a different pixel, in other embodiments the output of multiple MOSFETs used to drive pixels may be logically combined to drive another pixel (i.e., more pixels than MOSFETs). In some embodiments, one or more drivers may be used for one or more rows and for one or more columns of each array,

Using a desaturated RGB approach can further create tunable light on and off the BBL, as well as on the BBL, for example, an isothermal CCT line while maintaining a high CRI.

5 FIG. 500 502 502 502 502 502 uv uv shows a portion of the CIE color chart, including a black body line (BBL)(also referred to as a Planckian locus) that forms a basis for understanding various embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein. The BBLshows the chromaticity coordinates for blackbody radiators of varying temperatures. It is generally agreed that, in most illumination situations, light sources should have chromaticity coordinates that lie on or near the BBL. Various mathematical procedures known in the art are used to determine the “closest” blackbody radiator. In addition to the CCT, the chromaticity may be described by the Dvalue, which is an indication of the degree to which a light source's chromaticity coordinate lies above the BBL(a positive Dur value) or below the BBL(a negative Dvalue).

500 514 502 514 The portion of the color chartis shown to include a number of isothermal lines. Even though each of these lines is not on the BBL, any color point on the isothermal linehas a constant CCT. For example, a first isothermal line has a CCT of 50,000 K, a second isothermal line has a CCT of 5,000 K, a third isothermal line has a CCT of 3,000 K, and a fourth isothermal line has a CCT of 2,200 K.

5 FIG. 500 504 502 506 508 510 512 502 504 506 512 504 516 502 With continuing reference to, the CIE color chartalso shows a number of ellipses that represent a Macadam Ellipse (MAE), which is centered on the BBLand extends one step, three steps, five steps, or seven stepsin distance from the BBL. The MAEis based on psychometric studies and defines a region on the CIE chromaticity diagram that contains all colors which are indistinguishable, to a typical observer, from a color at the center of the ellipse. Therefore, each of the MAE stepsto(one step to seven steps) are seen to a typical observer as being substantially the same color as a color at the center of a respective one of the MAEs. A series of curvesrepresent substantially equal distances from the BBLand are related to Dur values of, for example, +0.006, +0.003, 0, −0.003 and −0.006, respectively.

6 FIG. 6 FIG. 600 608 606 604 600 shows a chromaticity diagram with approximate chromaticity coordinates of colors for typical coordinate values (as noted on the x-y scale of the chromaticity diagram) for a red microLED at coordinate, a green microLED at coordinate, and a blue microLED at coordinate. The chromaticity diagramofis only one way of defining a wavelength spectrum of a visible light source; other suitable definitions are known in the art and can also be used with the various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter described herein.

600 600 600 602 604 606 608 A convenient way to specify a portion of the chromaticity diagramis through a collection of equations in the x-y plane, where each equation has a locus of solutions that defines a line on the chromaticity diagram. The lines may intersect to specify a particular area. The chromaticity diagramalso shows the BBL. Each of the three microLED coordinates,,are the CCT coordinates for “fully-saturated” microLEDs of the respective colors green, blue, and red. However, if a “white light” is created by combining certain proportions of the R, G, and B microLEDs, the CRI of such a combination would be extremely low.

6 FIG. In other embodiments, rather than (or in addition to) the use of pure R, G, and B microLEDs, desaturated R, G, and B microLEDs may be used. Such desaturated R, G, and B microLEDs may be formed, e.g., by a mixture of phosphors and/or a mixture of materials to form the microLEDs and have different coordinate values from those shown in. In various embodiments, the desaturated R, G, and B microLEDs may have various color temperature ranges, e.g., about 1800 K to about 6500 K, about 2700 K to about 6500 K, or about 1800 K to about 7500 K.

6 FIG. Independent of whether pure or saturated colors are used, the x/y chromatography curve shown inmay be separated into a number of coordinates and the specific coordinate may be used to provide information. The number of coordinates into which the x/y chromatography curve is split may be dependent on, for example, the number and control of colors of microLEDs used as well as the resolution of the photodetectors. In some embodiments, for example, more than 1000 coordinates may be used, and in some cases greater than about 3000 coordinates. A processor may be used to individually control which microLEDs are activated, as well as the current or duty cycle used to drive the microLEDs to adjust the intensity of emission from each microLED. The coordinates within the x/y chromatography curve may be defined by a unique set of driving characteristics for microLEDs in one or more of the microLED arrays. The driving characteristics may be stored (e.g., as a table) in memory and retrieved and used by the processor.

3 FIG. 3 FIG. 300 302 302 304 304 306 300 304 306 304 306 306 n Returning to, the light emittermay contain a microLED array. The microLED arraymay include multiple subarraysarranged in a regular arrangement. Each subarraymay include multiple single color (center wavelength λ) microLEDs. As shown, the light emittermay include m subarrayseach with n microLEDs. As shown in, m is 9 and n is 12, however m and n may take other values. For example, in other embodiments each subarraymay include red, green, and blue microLEDsor red, green, blue, and yellow microLEDs.

304 306 304 In some embodiments, each subarraymay be independently controlled with corresponding microLEDs(of substantially identical colors) being driven substantially identically across the subarrays. The term “substantially identical colors” as used herein may be defined as the difference between the dominant wavelengths of different emitters, whose range may have a lower boundary and an upper boundary due to the dependance on spacing between the two adjacent colors on the spectrum. A lower boundary for the dominant wavelength is the average of the dominant wavelength of the spectrum and a neighboring spectrum that has lower power. Similarly, an upper boundary for the dominant wavelength is the average of the dominant wavelength of the spectrum and a neighboring spectrum that has higher power. This may result in a difference of at most a few nm, for example. In practice, different colors may result from changing the semiconductor active region material (e.g., via process variation) or phosphors/quantum dots deposited on top of a blue emitting pixel (e.g., variation in the amount of blue light escaping without being converted).

306 304 304 306 304 300 304 In some embodiments, each microLEDwithin each subarraymay also be independently controlled. Thus, in some embodiments, each subarraymay act as a single emitting unit, with n subchannels defined by the microLEDsthat can independently modulated for data transmission (i.e., each subchannel is defined by its wavelength). The use of m subarraysrepeated within the light emittermay permit m spatially separated channels to be used for data communications. These spatially separated channels may be transmitted through a single optical fiber, multiple optical fibers (e.g., one optical fiber for one or more subarrays), or free space.

302 302 300 302 306 302 306 302 306 302 302 1 FIG. The microLED arraysmay be disposed on a backplane that contains control circuitry as shown in. The microLED arraysmay be disposed within the light emitterin a regular arrangement with equal distances between adjacent microLED arrays. In some embodiments, the microLEDswithin each of the microLED arraysmay be substantially identical, with microLEDsin corresponding positions across the microLED arraysproviding substantially identical colors. In other embodiments, the microLEDswithin each of the microLED arraysmay provide substantially identical colors but at least some of the colors may be present in different positions between at least some of the microLED arrays.

306 304 306 304 306 304 In some embodiments, each microLEDwithin a particular subarraymay emit light of a different wavelength. In other embodiments, at least some of the microLEDswithin the particular subarraymay emit light of a different wavelength and at least some of the microLEDswithin the particular subarraymay emit light of substantially identical wavelengths. This latter embodiment may, for example, be used to provide a wider range of intensities for microLEDs having lower external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) (e.g., blue microLEDs have a higher EQE than red or green microLEDs).

300 306 306 306 304 300 306 The light emittermay be fabricated via mass transfer techniques. In this case, microLEDshaving different emission wavelengths may be grown and processed at a wafer level. Sets of microLEDshaving the same wavelength may be transferred to (picked up and placed on) the backplane using one or more mass transfer placements before the transferring the next sets of microLEDshaving a different wavelength in a different location. The mass transfer may be used to simultaneously build up the subarraysand the overall light emitterin a per-wavelength manner. In other embodiments, the microLEDsmay be monolithically grown and processed as an array of m LEDs, or may be built from an array of multi-terminal transferrable die,

400 402 404 400 402 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 4 FIG.A The light emitterincontains m segmented arrayseach of polychromic microLEDs. Here, m≥1, thus the light emittermay include one or more segmented arrayseach of polychromic microLEDs. Each polychromic microLEDmay be able to emit light of multiple different colors (peak wavelength), each color being provided by a different junction of the semiconductor stack that is vertically aligned (i.e., overlap laterally) with the other junctions. Each polychromic microLEDand/or each color of each polychromic microLEDmay be individually addressed. In some embodiments, the colors emitted by each polychromic microLEDmay be substantially identical, or one or more of the colors generated by one polychromic microLEDmay be different from the colors generated by another polychromic microLED.

4 FIG.B 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 a b c d a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c. As shown in the cross-sectional view of, each polychromic microLEDmay have n active regions,,, that are separated by dielectric (current-blocking) layers. Here, n>1, so each polychromic microLEDhas multiple active regions,,. The active regions,,(which may include multiple quantum wells) may produce light of different wavelengths through the use of different materials and/or dopants. The active regions,,are disposed such that shorter wavelengths are generated more proximate to the emitting (top) surface of the polychromic microLEDto reduce the probability of reabsorption of light by active regions,,more proximate to the emitting surface than the generating active region,,

404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 404 a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c Although only three active regions,,are shown, any number of active regions may be used. In some embodiments, at least some of the active regions,,may generate light at substantially the same wavelength. The number of active regions,,may be limited by the semiconductors used and/or processing to create the polychromic microLED. As above, the minimum wavelength difference between different active regions,,may be limited by the sensitivity of the photoreceivers or ability to resolve descrete points within the x/y chromatography curve. In some embodiments, some of the active regions,,may generate light of substantially identical peak wavelength. Contacts, which may be achieved by tunnel junctions for example, to the active regions,,are not shown for convenience. Nor are reflectors or other optical elements at edges of the active regions,,to increase an amount of light generated.

404 404 404 404 402 404 404 404 404 a b c a b c Thus, spectral tunability may be achieved via the presence of n individually-addressable active regions,,per polychromic microLEDwithin the microLED arrayand multi-terminal contacting. This permits each polychromic microLEDto be one unit that provides n channels for data transmission. In some cases, where m=1, n may be relatively large (e.g., >5), leading to a single pixel with a dense stack of active regions that emit light having different peak wavelengths (colors or near IR). In some embodiments, the processor that controls the driving of each individually-addressable active region,,may use one or more non-binary data-transmission algorithms to further increase the bandwidth, which may increase efficiency gains of transmission. Such algorithms may include NR20OOK, Opposition Flow Directional Algorithm (OFDA), partition around medoids (PAM), etc.

Independent of which light emitter is used, the light emitted from a light source that has n units may be collected and transmitted by a low-dispersion optical fiber and dispersed onto a fast detector array for detection. The optical fiber may include an imaging fiber that has sufficient spatial resolution at the transmitter end to collect the light from one unit (n-channels) without crosstalk between channels. At the receiver end, the imaging optical fiber may be split such that the light from each unit is directed to a separate detector array, where the wavelengths from the unit may be individually detected.

7 FIG. 700 700 illustrates an example of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. The electronic devicemay transmit and/or receive high speed communications as described herein. The electronic devicemay be, for example, a display, a monitor or screen, a wearable/mobile display device such as an AR/VR headset, a vehicular headlight, lighting for a particular area, or any other lighting arrangement. Various elements may be provided on a backplane indicated above, while other elements may be local or remote.

Modules and components are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a machine readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.

Accordingly, the term “module” (and “component”) is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.

700 702 704 708 704 700 710 712 714 710 712 714 700 716 718 720 728 730 700 710 702 The electronic devicemay include a hardware processor (or equivalently processing circuitry)(e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a GPU, a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a memory(which may include main and static memory), some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus). The memorymay contain any or all of removable storage and non-removable storage, volatile memory or non-volatile memory. The electronic devicemay further include a light sourcesuch as the microLEDs described above, or a video display, an alphanumeric input device(e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device(e.g., a mouse). In an example, the light source, input deviceand UI navigation devicemay be a touch screen display. The electronic devicemay additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit), a signal generation device(e.g., a speaker), a network interface device, one or more cameras, and one or more sensors, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor such as those described herein. The electronic devicemay further include an output controller, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). Some of the elements, such as one or more of the sparse arrays that provide the light sourcemay be remote from other elements and may be controlled by the hardware processor.

716 722 724 716 724 704 702 700 722 724 The storage devicemay include a non-transitory machine readable medium(hereinafter simply referred to as machine readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. A storage devicethat includes the non-transitory machine readable medium should not be construed as that either the device or the machine-readable medium is itself incapable of having physical movement. The instructionsmay also reside, completely or at least partially, within the memoryand/or within the hardware processorduring execution thereof by the electronic device. While the machine readable mediumis illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions.

700 700 The term “machine readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the electronic deviceand that cause the electronic deviceto perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

724 726 720 720 726 The instructionsmay further be transmitted or received over a communications network using a transmission mediumvia the network interface deviceutilizing any one of a number of wireless local area network (WLAN) transfer protocols or a SPI or CAN bus. Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks. Communications over the networks may include one or more different protocols, such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 702.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi, IEEE 702.14 family of standards known as WiMax, IEEE 702.14.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, a next generation (NG)/6th generation (6G) standards among others. In an example, the network interface devicemay include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the transmission medium.

Note that the term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” or “processor” as used herein thus refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” or “processor” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical CPU, a single- or multi-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes.

728 728 The cameramay sense light at least the wavelength or wavelengths emitted by the microLEDs. The cameramay include optical elements (e.g., at least one camera lens) that are able to collect reflected light of illumination that is reflected from and/or emitted by an illuminated region. The camera lens may direct the reflected light onto a multi-pixel sensor (also referred to as a light sensor) to form an image of on the multi-pixel sensor.

702 702 The processormay control and drive the LEDs via one or more drivers. For example, the processormay optionally control one or more microLEDs in microLED arrays independent of another one or more microLEDs in the microLED arrays, so as to illuminate an area in a specified manner.

730 728 710 730 In addition, the sensorsmay be incorporated in the cameraand/or the light source. The sensorsmay sense visible and/or infrared light and may further sense the ambient light and/or variations/flicker in the ambient light in addition to reception of the reflected light from the LEDs. The sensors may have one or more segments (that are able to sense the same wavelength/range of wavelengths or different wavelength/range of wavelengths), similar to the LED arrays.

8 FIG. 800 802 show an example methodof high speed communications, in accordance with some embodiments. Other operations may be used, but are not shown for convenience. At operation, a processor in the light transmitting device may determine a desired x/y chromatography coordinate. In some embodiments, the x/y chromatography coordinate may be dependent on the data to be transmitted (e.g., using a non-binary algorithm). In this case, a mapping between the desired x/y chromatography coordinate and the data to be transmitted may be stored in a table in memory and retrieved by the processor when used. For example, each x/y chromatography coordinate may be defined as a different number (e.g., 0 may be deep violet and 100 may be pale red).

804 At operation, the processor may determine which microLEDs/junctions to drive based on the x/y chromatography coordinate, as well as the driving characteristics (e.g., duty cycle for PWM driving) for each microLED/junction. The processor may obtain the driving information based on a table in memory that provides a mapping between the desired x/y chromatography coordinate and driving information (based on previous calibration). The processor may then control driving of the microLEDs/junctions based thereon.

806 At operation, the light from the microLEDs/junctions may be coupled to an optical fiber for communication to a receiver. In some embodiments, the light from the light transmitting device may be transmitted into the optical fiber using one or more coupling optical elements. In other embodiments, the optical fiber may not be used, the light may be transmitted through free space (with or without the use of optical elements).

808 At operation, the light may be received (e.g., via the optical fiber) by photodetectors on the receiving device. Individual photodetectors may be tuned to receive only one of the colors transmitted by the microLEDs/junctions (e.g., using an optical bandpass filter on the photodetector) or may be broadband-sensitive to most if not all of the colors transmitted by the microLEDs/junctions. In this case, correspondence between the specific photodetector and a specific microLED may be determined through previous calibration. The transmitted data may be determined based on the x/y chromatography coordinate as determined from a processor in the receiving device and corresponding mapping as above.

Alternatively, rather than relying on the x/y chromatography coordinate, each microLED/junction may be used to provide separate bits of information. In this case, the arrays may carry duplicate information (e.g., to increase the transmission power, provide redundancy, or provide the same information to multiple disparate locations through coupling to different optical fibers or splitting of a single optical fiber into multiple optical fibers) or one or more microLEDs/junctions within one or more of the arrays may carry different information. In the last case, for example, each microLED/junction may carry a different bit of information, so that hundreds or thousands of bits of information may be carried simultaneously using different wavelengths.

Example 1 is a micro light-emitting diode (LED) system comprising: a microLED array configured to emit light of different colors, the microLED array selected from a group of microLED arrays that include: a first microLED array that contains multiple subarrays, each subarray including multiple independently-addressable single color microLEDs configured to emit light of different colors and being independently modulated for data communication to another microLED array, and a second microLED array that contains at least one independently-addressable polychromic microLED, each polychromic microLED having multiple active regions, each polychromic microLED configured to emit light selected from among multiple colors provided by the active regions and being independently modulated for data transmission to the other microLED array, which contains at least one of the first microLED array or the second microLED array.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes, an optical fiber configured to couple data transmission between the microLED array and the other microLED array.

In Example 3, the subject matter of Examples 1-2 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes the first microLED array, and each subarray of the first microLED array is configured to emit at least one color that is identical to at least one color emitted by at least one other subarray.

In Example 4, the subject matter of Examples 1-3 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes the first microLED array, and the subarrays of the first microLED array are configured to emit identical colors.

In Example 5, the subject matter of Example 4 includes, wherein microLEDs configured to emit identical colors across the subarrays are disposed in identical positions in each subarray.

In Example 6, the subject matter of Examples 1-5 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes the first microLED array having m subarrays that provide m spatially-separated channels for data communication, and each subarray contains n microLEDs that provide n subchannels for data communication.

In Example 7, the subject matter of Examples 1-6 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes the second microLED array, and each active region of a particular polychromic microLED is configured to emit a different color.

In Example 8, the subject matter of Examples 1-7 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes the second microLED array, and at least one active region of a particular polychromic microLED is configured to emit an identical color as another active region of the particular polychromic microLED.

In Example 9, the subject matter of Examples 1-8 includes, wherein the microLED array includes the second microLED array, each active region of each polychromic microLED is independently-addressable.

In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 1-9 includes, a photodetector array configured to receive multi-color light from the other microLED array, the photodetector array having multiple photodetectors configured to generate current based on data received from the other microLED array, wherein each photodetector in the photodetector array includes a filter configured to filter light from the other microLED array such that the photodetector responds to only one color of the multi-color light emitted by the other microLED array.

Example 11 is a micro light-emitting diode (LED) system comprising: a backplane; a processor disposed on the backplane; at least one driver controlled by the processor; a microLED array disposed on the backplane, the microLED array having microLEDs selected from a set of microLEDs that include, single-color microLEDs in multiple subarrays and polychromic microLEDs, the microLEDs configured to be independently driven by the at least one driver to produce optical data on independent subchannels using different colors; and a photodetector array disposed on the backplane, the photodetector array configured to receive multi-color light from another microLED array having microLEDs selected from the set of microLEDs, the photodetector array containing photodetectors configured to generate current based on data received from the other microLED array.

In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11 includes, wherein the processor is configured to: separate an x/y chromatography curve into a plurality of coordinates, map each coordinate to data and driving information, and control the at least one driver to drive the microLED array to generate the optical data based on a selected coordinate.

In Example 13, the subject matter of Examples 11-12 includes, an optical fiber configured to couple data transmission between the microLED array and the other microLED array, the optical fiber including an imaging fiber having sufficient spatial resolution to collect light emitted from multiple channels of the microLED array without crosstalk between channels.

In Example 14, the subject matter of Examples 11-13 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes multiple subarrays, each subarray includes multiple independently-addressable single color microLEDs, and each subarray is configured to emit identical colors emitted by at least one other subarray.

In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 includes, wherein microLEDs configured to emit identical colors across the subarrays are disposed in identical positions in each subarray.

In Example 16, the subject matter of Examples 11-15 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes polychromic microLEDs, each polychromic microLED has multiple active regions, each active region of a particular polychromic microLED is configured to emit a different color, and each active region is configured to be independently modulated.

In Example 17, the subject matter of Examples 11-16 includes, wherein: the microLED array includes polychromic microLEDs, each polychromic microLED has multiple active regions, at least one active region of a particular polychromic microLED is configured to emit an identical color as another active region of the particular polychromic microLED, and each active region is configured to be independently modulated.

In Example 18, the subject matter of Examples 11-17 includes, wherein the processor is configured to: separate an x/y chromatography curve into a plurality of coordinates, map each coordinate to particular data, and determine, based on a particular coordinate determined from colors detected by the photodetectors, the data from the other microLED array.

Example 19 is a method of transmitting optical data, the method comprising: determining optical data to transmit; map the optical data to a plurality of colors and driving information to drive microlight-emitting diode (microLEDs) to generate the plurality of colors, the microLEDs disposed in a microLED array and selected from a set of microLEDs that include, single-color microLEDs in multiple subarrays and polychromic microLEDs; independently driving the microLEDs to produce the optical data on independent subchannels using the plurality of colors; and transmitting the optical data to a photodetector array through an optical fiber coupled with the microLED array.

In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 19 includes, wherein the microLED array is selected from a group of microLED arrays that include: a first microLED array that contains multiple subarrays, each subarray including multiple independently-addressable single color microLEDs configured to emit light of different colors and being independently modulated for data communication to another microLED array, and a second microLED array that contains at least one independently-addressable polychromic microLED, each polychromic microLED having independently-addressable multiple active regions, each polychromic microLED configured to emit light selected from among multiple colors provided by the active regions.

Example 21 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples 1-20.

Example 22 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1-20.

Example 23 is a system to implement of any of Examples 1-20.

Example 24 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1-20.

Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof show, by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

The subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “embodiment” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to indicate one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, UE, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. As indicated herein, although the term “a” is used herein, one or more of the associated elements may be used in different embodiments. For example, the term “a processor” configured to carry out specific operations includes both a single processor configured to carry out all of the operations as well as multiple processors individually configured to carry out some or all of the operations (which may overlap) such that the combination of processors carry out all of the operations. Further, the term “includes” may be considered to be interpreted as “includes at least” the elements that follow.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it may be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.