Temperature and PCM Control System and Methods for Controlling Temperature

This application claims the priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 119, of copending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/645,087, filed May 9, 2024, 63/651,756, filed May 24, 2024, and 63/657,920, filed Jun. 9, 2024; the prior applications are herewith incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Not Applicable

The present disclosure relates generally to a cooling and heating system for managing temperature and temperature sensing for use in clothing, body gear, coats, jackets, blankets, pads, and other devices having performance requirements where it is beneficial to manage a desired temperature.

To exert temperature changes in the environment around the body or directly against the skin, cold packs, heat packs, or ice are well understood in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,907,173 to Robbins discloses a cooling or refrigerating package with a compartment or inner envelope and an outer bag, such that when the inner compartment is broken, the contents of the outer and inner mix, creating a chemical reaction. U.S. Pat. No. 8,402,772 to Duval et al. discloses a thermal treatment device for contact with the skin and two compartments separated by a temperature actuated gate such that the gate opens at a set temperature and the two compartments mix to create a chemical reaction. U.S. Pat. No. 9,644,880 to Mastaneh Paul discloses a cooling device with two compartments for wrapping about a body part. The two compartments contain different substances, such as urea and water, such that a rupture between compartments mixes the contents of the two compartments. US9879897B2 to Leavitt et al. discloses various cooling agents for cold packs, evaporative cooling, and cold pack construction. US20110022137 A1 to Ennit-Thomas et al. disclose a tubing matrix in the form of a waffle design for the distribution of cooling from cooling packs within garments. Individual water storage packages can be broken to initiate cooling. Also discussed is saturation cooling whereby the temperature of the water changes the reaction and provides more cooling.

US20110034887 A1 to Forden et al. discloses a cooling product for contact with the skin such that the cooling element cannot directly contact the skin, hydrogels for cooling applications, and sleeve wraps and gauntlets using a gel to cool the skin. US 20150253057 to Leavitt et al. discloses sold particulate compounds that undergo endothermic reactions when mixed with water and improved compounds. US20170016664 A1 to Leavitt et al. discloses endothermic agents that are non-toxic when mixed with water and can be recycled.

As the prior art discloses, all the chemical reactions occur as a single time event. When the liquid and powder mix, the reaction occurs creating a change in rapid change in temperature. Once the reaction is complete, the endothermic or exothermic energy change is also complete, which can create extreme temperature changes. There is no ability to control the final temperature or release of energy.

Thus, a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art systems, designs, and processes as discussed above.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide for a heating, cooling, distribution, and monitoring system to maintain a desired clothing-to-human interface temperature to make a more comfortable environment for the wearer.

A cooling and heating system is designed to work with a multiple component chemical system whereby at least one chemical compound is isolated from a second chemical compound and at least one chemical compound and second chemical compounds are mixed over time. The amount by volume or weight of the first chemical compound introduced into the second chemical compound can be at a constant rate, but is preferred to be variable based on needed cooling or heating. The reaction of two or more chemicals either takes in heat from the surroundings or releases heat into the surroundings. Chemical form of the components can be powder, pellets, liquid, gas, or any suitable form. More than two chemicals can be mixed to create or moderate the reaction.

By controlling the mixing rate, the endothermic or exothermic reaction can be controlled. This allows direct control over the change in temperature (ΔT) from the initial starting condition to the desired human interface temperature and maintaining the desired temperature. As the mixing rate is preferred to be variable, this allows for increases or decreases in ΔT as needed. For example, 5 grams of the first chemical component introduced into 50 grams of the second component may create a p66 T of 10 degrees. 10 grams of the first chemical component introduced into 50 grams of the second component may create a ΔT of 20 degrees. However, the ΔT can be but is not necessarily linear. This is due to the chemical reaction rate, dissolution rate of two or more components, the energy it takes to cool the container or system holding the chemical components, and/or mixing chamber from the started temperature. By monitoring the temperature output, the amount of the first chemical compound introduced into the second chemical compound can be kept the same, sped up, or slowed down to keep the temperature at the desired temperature.

By controlling the change in temperature over time, the immediate and high energy endothermic and exothermic reactions that occur from combining the chemicals in one short period can be avoided. For example, a normal two-part ice pack can drop the temperature down to near freezing, and certain reactions can dip below freezing. Controlling the mixing rate controls the rate of the energy released or absorbed.

For Urea, this is approximately 15 kj/mol. Ammonium Nitrate is higher, at approximately 25 kj/mol; however, the weight per mol is also higher. Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate and dry Ammonium Thiocyanate or Ammonium Chloride in crystal form create a two chemical dry mixture that creates an endothermic reaction of approximately 47 kj/mol. For releasing heat and creating an exothermic reaction, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and iron are commonly used. Magnesium sulfate or calcium chloride are combined with water, while iron reacts with oxygen from the air to form iron (III) oxide. Some chemicals are available in different forms, such as powder or pellets. This can effect dissolution rates.

As an example, in a two-part reaction, the maximum amount of cooling or heating energy available is based on the amount of chemical one and chemical two in a ratio whereby chemical one and chemical 2 are completely used up in the reaction, or as close as possible based on temperature and atmospheric pressure. For Urea/Water, this is approximately 545 grams per liter. This example applies to any combination of two or more chemicals.

Controlling the reaction by only allowing enough of the chemicals to mix to reach a set temperature creates a potential and kinetic energy system that is more efficient to use and can control and keep the temperature within a set range. Rather than starting at freezing temperatures of a normal ice pack, the reaction allows for an initial temperature to be set at any desired point below the initial or prior to reaction starting temperature. For example, the initial starting temperature could be set at 70 degrees, and only enough of the chemicals are mixed to achieve this result. The remaining unmixed chemicals are then used to maintain the temperature at the desired set temperature, mixing at the rate required. Enough of the chemicals need to be present to allow the reaction to occur over the time period needed. When this approach is used for cooling the human body, if exertion is increasing and the cooling rate needed to maintain the set temperature is increasing, the mixing rate increases, using up the chemicals faster.

For a reaction created by mixing a liquid and solid together, it is simpler to place the powder into a container and meter the fluid into the powder by the use of a fluid pump, such as a peristaltic pump. Peristaltic pumps are capable of flows as low as 0.01 ml/minute to over 500 ml per minute. This allows extremely good control over the reaction. For the reaction of water and Urea:

The reaction gives carbon dioxide and ammonia. In addition, the reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, which causes cooling of the surroundings. By controlling how much H2O enters the reaction, the reaction is controlled, which allows direct control of the cooling rate. The mass of one molecule of H2O=

where.×is Avogadro's number.

As one milliliter of water weighs 1 gram, a pump with a rate of 0.01 ml/min allows the water to enter at a rate of 0.01 grams per minute, or 3.3×1020 molecules of H2O per minute. In comparison, 110 grams of water, which is approximately enough to release the available energy in 1 mol of Urea contains 2.2×1025 molecules of H2O. By using a peristaltic pump with a stepper motor, the rate of water per minute can be controlled in even smaller increments, allowing precise control of the amount of H2O entering the reaction. However, there is a practical limitation, as the amount of energy absorbed during a single molecular reaction of Urea and H2O is very small and a significant number of reactions are needed to occur for a cooling effect to be achieved. This is an example of only one of many possible endothermic and exothermic reactions. As another example, a pump can also be used to meter oxygen in the same manner to control the reaction with iron powder to create iron oxide, which releases significant amounts of heat. Liquid/powder combinations can also occur with less control by isolating the powder in packs constructed from material that is dissolved over time intervals by the liquid. Two Powder combinations can be metered together in different ways, such as by removable dividers, dissolvable dividers, or venturi air pressure/vacuum mixing.

To take advantage of the heating and cooling created by the reaction, the reaction occurs in a chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, at least a portion which has a thermally conductive surface. This thermally conductive surface can be machined in, molded in, or be a separate component that is press-fit, mechanically attached, or bonded by adhesive or welding. The chamber can also be metallic to increase surface area. In addition, the chamber can be thermally conductive metal or polymer and overmolded with a polymer to expose only a portion of the thermally conductive area while insulating the rest. In an alterative embodiment, the heat exchanger fits within the chamber. As an example, a coiled heat conducting tube can be placed within the chamber such that chemical reaction pulls heat or adds heat to the tube. The ends of the tube exit the chamber to create a input and exit that allows a fluid or gas to flow through the tube without leaking into the contents of the chamber.

In an exemplary embodiment, the chamber is part of a cartridge which contains the reaction chemicals within. When the cartridge is inserted into a receiver, the thermally conductive surface of the chamber comes in contact with the thermally conductive surface within the receiver, allowing for heat transfer between the two thermally conductive surfaces. This allows the cartridge to be replaceable as the chemicals are used up and the reaction is no longer sufficiently capable of keeping the required heating or cooling rate.

The receiver has an opening for receiving the cartridge, a heat exchanger with a thermally conductive surface, and a retention mechanism for holding the cartridge in place such that the thermally conductive surfaces of the cartridge and receiver are in direct contact when the cartridge is seated. The receiver heat exchanger has an input for receiving a fluid, a passageway for the fluid to pass through, and an exit for exiting of the fluid. When a fluid is pumped through the passageway, heat is added or removed from the fluid via the heat exchange between the chemical reaction in the cartridge and the liquid flowing through the heat exchanger.

As an alternative embodiment, a tube running through at least part of the reaction chamber and an input and output to the tube as previously described. When the cartridge is inserted into the receiver, connections at the input and output of the tube seal to connections in the receiver, creating a watertight system for the flow of liquids or gas. Flow through the tube is regulated by a pump and the heat exchange rate is controlled by the reaction in the cartridge and flow rate through the tubing.

A garment, such as a vest, jacket, shirt, pants, or other piece of clothing, ice chest, pad in a kennel or cat carrier, or other device that needs cooling has at least one tube that has an input and an exit for the movement of fluid through the tube by a pump. The heat exchanger in the receiver controls the temperature in the fluid passing through the tubing by adding or removing heat created by the reaction, or holding the temperature stable. By placing at least one temperature sensor in the item that needs cooling, a control system can monitor the temperature in the tubing, clothing, or item, and use the data to control the rate of reaction.

For example, a vest having a single tube fifty to over 100 feet in length is formed to fit within the vest and contact the front, back, and sides of the wearer. The vest can be in direct contact with the skin or a liner. As the fluid runs through the tubing, it also circulates through the heat exchanger. Feedback from at least one temperature sensor in the vest provides data via a wired or wireless connection to a controller or central processor unit within the receiver. The feedback can be used to control the rate of reaction in the chamber as well as the speed of the pump moving fluid through the tubing. Thus, the amount of heating or cooling can be controlled by combining two separate systems working at independent rates. Programming interprets the data and determines the reaction and flow rates and can adjust either system accordingly. This approach uses the least amount of reaction in the chamber possible to maintain the desired temperature in order to extend the cooling or heating as long as possible before the cartridge is expended. Of course, when the cartridge is expended, it can be removed and another new cartridge inserted in its place.

As another example, a vest or piece of clothing can have multiple sections of tube of equal or different lengths connected by pressure sensitive bypass valves. When the pressure in one section reduces below a set point, indicating leakage, or above a set point, indicating blockage, the section of tubing experiencing the issue is bypassed and flow directed to a normally functioning section. The valves can be electromechanical, such as solenoid or motor controlled, such that pressure sensors indicate to the control system whether the valve should be in the open position or closed position, or mechanical.

A filter can be placed in the system to prevent any contaminates or debris from entering the tubing in the vest and damaging the pump. It is preferable that the filter be readily replaceable and part of the cartridge system, such that when the cartridge is replaced, a new filter is automatically connected. Small membrane filters are inexpensive and allow for control of contaminates down to micron sizes.

A compliance chamber can also be placed in the system to remove any air that enters the system during connection of the vest to the heat exchanger pump cartridge system. Air is separated from the water by allowing the air and water to enter a chamber whereby the air flows to the top of the chamber and is removed from the fluid. Alternatively, an air porous membrane in contact with the fluid allows air to exit the chamber.

To assist in maintaining a more constant temperature and more efficient system in certain applications, the cartridge cooling system can be used in conjunction with a phase change material. Phase changing materials (PCMs) are substances that can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy when they change from one phase (solid, liquid, or gas) to another, such as melting or freezing. These materials are capable of regulating temperatures at specific set points, such that when a set temperature is reached, the material begins to phase change from a solid to a liquid, absorbing or releasing heat, effectively acting as a near constant temperature battery until the phase change is complete.

In an exemplary embodiment, a water tight first container has a chamber with a high thermally conductive surface or heat exchanger on at least one face and the remaining faces formed from less thermally conductive material. The solid form of the endothermic reagent is placed within the first container. Water or another fluid is placed within a second container. A metering pump, such as a peristaltic pump, transfers fluid from the second container to the first container at a desired volume over time. As the fluid enters the first container, the fluid mixes with the solid, creating the endothermic reaction. The endothermic reaction pulls heat from the high thermal conductive surface or heat exchanger, which cools the thermally conductive surface.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first chamber is formed from a tube that is sealed on the bottom. At least a portion of the first chamber has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. The first chamber contains the first chemical compound. When the second chemical compound is introduced into the first chamber, a chemical reaction is started such that the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface reaches a set temperature. As the temperature changes, more of the second chemical compound is added to maintain the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface. The tube construct allows for the chemicals to be contained within a cartridge to allow cartridges can be exchanged during use. Thus, when the chemical reaction is finally expended, the system allows for cartridge swap.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube that is sealed on the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum, copper, or thermally conductive polymer. The first container contains the first chemical compound. The second container contains the second chemical compound. When the first chemical compound is introduced into the second container, a chemical reaction is started such that the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface reaches a set temperature. As the temperature changes, more of the first chemical compound is added to maintain the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface. The tube construct allows for the chemicals to be contained within a cartridge to allow cartridges to be exchanged during use. Thus, when the chemical reaction is finally expended, the system allows for cartridge swap.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one hole for receiving a small diameter hollow tube. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube extends through the hole in the cap into the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. The first container contains the first chemical compound. The first chemical compound is introduced into the second container through the small diameter tube, starting a chemical reaction such that the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface reaches a set temperature range. As the temperature changes, more of the first chemical compound is added to maintain the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one hole for receiving a small diameter hollow tube. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end and extends through the hole in the cap such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. The first end is either flat, angled, or sealed with multiple perimeter holes such that the inner bore allows for a chemical to pass through with sufficient velocity and direction(s) to enhance mixing of the two chemicals. The second end of the small diameter tube is connected to a valve normally in the closed position. When the first chamber is pressurized, the chemical in the first chamber is forced into the second chamber to cause mixing of the two chemicals.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one hole for receiving a small diameter hollow tube. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end and extends through the hole in the cap such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. The first end is either flat, angled, or sealed with multiple perimeter holes such that the inner bore allows for a chemical to pass through with sufficient velocity and direction(s) to enhance mixing of the two chemicals. The second end of the small diameter tube is connected to a pump. The pump has an inlet for receiving the chemical in the first container. The chemical from the first chamber is metered into the second chamber to cause mixing of the two chemicals.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first chamber is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one hole for receiving a small diameter hollow tube. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end and extends through the hole in the cap such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. The first end is either flat, angled, or sealed with multiple perimeter holes such that the inner bore allows for a chemical to pass through with sufficient velocity and direction(s) to enhance mixing of the two chemicals. The second end of the small diameter tube is connected to a valve normally in the closed position and the valve is connected to a pump. The pump has an inlet for receiving the chemical in the first chamber. The chemical from the first container is metered into the second container with sufficient pressure to open the valve, allowing the chemical from the first container to enter the second container and cause mixing of the two chemicals.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second chamber. The first chamber is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one opening for allowing the chemical in the first chamber to enter the second chamber under pressure. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end and extends through the hole in the cap such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. A ring having an inner bore and an outer diameter slides over the first chamber such that the inner bore seals to the outside of the first container and the outer diameter seals to the inner diameter of the second container. The ring slides while maintaining both seals. The first chemical is placed in the second container and the ring is pressed downwards against the first chemical. The second chemical is introduced into the first container. As the second chemical is forced into the second container, the pressure forces the ring to slide upwards.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one opening for allowing the chemical in the first container to enter the second container under pressure. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end and extends through the hole in the cap such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. A ring having an inner bore and an outer diameter slides over the first container such that the inner bore seals to the outside of the first chamber and the outer diameter seals to the inner diameter of the second chamber. The ring slides while maintaining both seals. The first chemical is placed in the second container and the ring is pressed downwards against the first container. The second chemical is introduced into the first container and the space above the ring. As the second chemical is forced into the second container, the pressure forces the ring to slide upwards.

In another exemplary embodiment, a tube is divided into a first container and a second container by a sliding divider. The divider has an inner bore, tube, or valve for connection with a metering pump and an outer diameter that forms a movable seal to the inside of the tube. As the chemical in the second container is pumped into the first container, the divider moves to compensate for the volume increase in the first chamber.

In another exemplary embodiment, a tube has an inner bore and an end cap that fits within the inner bore. The end cap has a bottom face and a section that fits within the tube inner bore and seals to the inner bore of the tube. The end cap has a hole for receiving a thermally conductive component. At least a portion of the thermally conductive component extends through the end cap.

In another exemplary embodiment, a tube has an inner bore and an end cap that fits within the inner bore. The end cap has a bottom face and top face and a section that fits within the tube inner bore and seals to the inner bore of the tube. The end cap is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material extends through to the top face of the end cap.

In another exemplary embodiment, a hollow component in the shape of a round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other geometric shape has an inner bore and an end cap that fits within the inner bore. The end cap has a bottom face and top face and a section that fits within the tube inner bore and seals to the inner bore of the tube. The end cap is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material extends through to the top face of the end cap.

In another exemplary embodiment, a hollow component in the shape of a round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other geometric shape has an inner bore and an end cap that fits within the inner bore. The end cap has a bottom face and top face and a section that fits within the tube inner bore and seals to the inner bore of the tube. The end cap is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material extends through to the top face of the end cap. A first chemical is introduced against the thermally conductive material. A second chemical is added to the first chemical by controlled increments to create a chemical reaction which causes cooling or heating of the thermally conductive material.

In another exemplary embodiment, a hollow component in the shape of a round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other geometric shape has an inner bore and an end cap that seals the inner bore. The end cap has a bottom face and top face and a section that fits within the tube inner bore and seals to the inner bore of the tube. The end cap is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material extends through to the top face of the end cap. A temperature sensor measures the temperature of the thermally conductive end cap portion. The temperature sensor is connected to a control system. The control system also controls the output rate of a second chemical. A first chemical is introduced against the thermally conductive material. The output rate of the second chemical is metered by the control system in increments to create a chemical reaction which causes the temperature of the thermally conductive material to reach a set temperature point and maintain a set point within a set range.

In another exemplary embodiment, a hollow component in the shape of a round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other geometric shape has an inner bore and an end cap. The end cap has a bottom face and top face and seals the inner bore of the tube. The side of the hollow component is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers or assembled to have a section that is thermally conductive. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material extends through to the inside of the hollow component. A temperature sensor measures the temperature of the thermally conductive portion. The temperature sensor is connected to a control system. The control system also controls the output rate of a second chemical. A first chemical is introduced against the thermally conductive material. The output rate of the second chemical is metered by the control system in increments to create a chemical reaction which causes the temperature of the thermally conductive material to reach a set temperature point and maintain a set point within a set range.

In another exemplary embodiment, a hollow construct in the shape of a round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other geometric shape has an inner bore and an end that seals the inner bore. The end is press-fit, welded, or bonded to seal the inner bore. A section of the hollow component is at least partially constructed from thermally conductive material, such as metals and thermally conductive polymers or assembled to have a section that is thermally conductive. At least a portion of the thermally conductive material has a surface that is open to the inside of the hollow component. A temperature sensor measures the temperature of the thermally conductive portion. The temperature sensor is connected to a control system. The control system also controls the output rate of a second chemical. A first chemical is introduced against the thermally conductive material. The output rate of the second chemical is metered by the control system in increments to create a chemical reaction with the first chemical which causes the temperature of the thermally conductive material to reach a set temperature point and maintain a set point within a set range.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube that is sealed on the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. The first container contains the first chemical compound. The second container contains a series of dividers with the second chemical contained between the dividers. The distance between the dividers forms a cavity that holds a volume of the second chemical. The volume can be equal between dividers or different, such that the initial volume is higher to increase initial cooling rate. When the first chemical compound is introduced into the second container by removing a divider, a chemical reaction is started such that the temperature of the heat exchanger bottom surface reaches a set temperature range. Additional dividers are removed to release more of the first chemical into the second chemical.

In another exemplary embodiment, a first container is suspended within a second container. The first container is formed from a tube with a cap that seals the bottom. The tube may be round, square, oval, rectangular, or any shape. The cap has at least one opening for allowing the chemical in the first chamber to enter the second chamber under pressure. The second container has a bottom with at least a portion that has a heat exchanger surface with a high heat transfer rate, such as one constructed from aluminum or copper. A small diameter tube having an inner bore has a first end and a second end extends such that the first end is disposed within the space between the cap and the heat exchanger inner surface. A ring having an inner bore and an outer diameter slides over the first container such that the inner bore seals to the outside of the first chamber and the outer diameter seals to the inner diameter of the second container. The ring slides while maintaining both seals. The first chemical is placed in the second container and the ring is pressed downwards against the first chemical. The second chemical is introduced into the first container and the space above the ring. As the second chemical is forced into the second container, the pressure forces the ring to slide upwards.

In an exemplary embodiment, a small tube extends into the space within the reaction chamber. A first end is either flat, angled, or sealed with multiple perimeter holes such that the inner bore allows for a chemical to pass through with sufficient velocity and direction(s) to enhance mixing of the two chemicals. The second end of the small diameter tube receives the flow of the second chemical.