Wireless Communication Device Transmit and Receive Patterns for Energy-Efficient Positioning

The present disclosure generally relates to wireless communications. For example, aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communication device (e.g., electronic shelf label (ESL) or other wireless communication device) transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) patterns for energy-efficient positioning.

Short range wireless communication enables wireless communication over relatively short distances (e.g., within thirty meters). For example, BLUETOOTH® is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short-wavelength ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves from 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) to 2.485 GHz.

BLUETOOTH® Low Energy (BLE) is a form of BLUETOOTH® communication that allows for communication with devices running on low power. Such devices may include beacons, which are wireless communication devices that may use low-energy communication technology for positioning, proximity marketing, or other purposes. In some cases, such devices may serve as nodes (e.g., relay nodes) of a wireless mesh network that communicates and/or relays information to a managing platform or hub associated with the wireless mesh network.

The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

Systems and techniques are described herein for providing transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) patterns for energy-efficient positioning for wireless communication devices. In some aspects, a network entity for wireless communications is provided. The network entity can include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: determine a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and output, for transmission to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communications at a network entity is provided. The method includes: determining a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; determining, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and transmitting, to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium of a computing device is provided having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: determine a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and output, for transmission to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In some aspects, an apparatus is provided for wireless communications. The apparatus includes: means for determining a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; means for determining, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and means for transmitting, to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.

While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and/or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail/purchasing devices, medical devices, and/or artificial intelligence devices). Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and/or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and/or summers). It is intended that aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and/or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.

Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

The foregoing, together with other features and aspects, will become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.

Certain aspects of this disclosure are provided below for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. Some of the aspects described herein can be applied independently and some of them may be applied in combination as would be apparent to those of skill in the art. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of aspects of the application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.

The ensuing description provides example aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the example aspects will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an example aspect. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as set forth in the appended claims.

The terms “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

Short range wireless communication protocols enable wireless communication over relatively short distances (e.g., within thirty meters). For example, BLUETOOTH® is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short-wavelength ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves from 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) to 2.485 GHZ.

BLUETOOTH® Low Energy (BLE) is a form of BLUETOOTH® communication that allows for communication with devices that operate using low power. Such devices may include wireless communication devices that can use low-energy communication technology for positioning, proximity marketing, or other purposes.

A system may include one or more wireless communication devices that are controlled by a network entity. For example, a system including multiple peripheral devices (e.g., an electronic shelf label (ESL) system) may include one or more wireless communication devices (e.g., peripheral devices, such as ESLs) that are controlled by a network entity, such as a management entity (ME) or edge server, via at least one network device, such as an access point (AP). As used herein, the terms “network entity” and “network device” may be interchangeable. For example, an AP can be referred to as an example of a “network entity” and/or can be referred to as an example of a “network device.” A “network entity” can include an AP, an ME, and/or a combination of the two. A “network device” can include an AP, an ME, and/or a combination of the two. In some examples, a single device can implement the functionality of an ME and an AP (e.g., an ME and an AP can be combined in a single device).

In one or more examples, to facilitate control by the ME (e.g., edge server), each peripheral device (e.g., ESL) may have a wireless connection (e.g., a BLE connection or other connection) to an AP that is communicatively connected to the ME (e.g., via the Internet, such as wirelessly, via an Ethernet connection, etc.). In some cases, commands from the ME may be wirelessly transmitted to the peripheral devices (e.g., ESLs) by the AP. Responses or information from the peripheral devices may also be received by the AP and provided by the AP to the ME.

In ESL systems, periodic Advertisements (PAs) can be utilized to provide regular and predictable payload transmissions from a central device (e.g., which may be in the form of a network device, such as an AP) to one or more peripheral devices (e.g., which may each be in the form of a wireless communication device, such as an ESL or other peripheral device). For example, PAs can be used to issue information from a central device to multiple peripheral devices, which may be within one or more groups of peripheral devices. PAs are generally unidirectional (e.g., unidirectional transmissions) such that PAs are transmitted only one-way from a central device to one or more peripheral devices.

Periodic Advertisement with Response (PAwR) can be used for ESL systems to provide bidirectionality (e.g., bidirectional transmissions between a central device and one or more peripheral devices). Peripheral devices synchronized within a group of peripheral devices can be addressed by a central device on a synchronized channel (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) channel between the central device and the peripheral devices) whenever the central device determines to send (e.g., transmit) a request to the peripheral devices. In some cases, as used herein, a synchronized channel refers to a channel on which transmissions are synchronized (in time). For example, the channel can utilize or can be based on a frequency on which one or more communications are transmitted. A hopping frequency sequence (HFS) can be associated with the channel. In some cases, the HFS may progress at a fixed and/or pre-determined interval. In some cases, a channel map may change, such as if interference on one or more channels changes, in which case the HFS can be updated (there may not be a fixed interval). In such cases, a minimum time between updates of a HFS can be applied, which can avoid updating the HFS too frequently. A central device and one or more peripheral devices can concurrently track the sequence at a predefined frequency hopping pattern or sequence (e.g., so the central device knows when to transmit the request and the peripheral devices know when to listen for and/or receive the request).

A request transmitted by a central device to peripheral devices in a particular group may be a PA containing a synchronization message transmitted by the central device on the synchronized channel to the peripheral devices of the particular group. For example, wireless communication devices within the particular group can wake up (e.g., from a low power (LP) mode) at the same PA transmission with respect to a particular PAwR train for that group. A PA is made up of a periodic set of transmissions, where the collection of transmissions is collectively referred to as a PA train or a PAwR train when applied to PAwR. Each transmission of a PA train (or PAwR train) occurs at a precise point in time, with fixed intervals between the transmissions. A communication channel (e.g., one communication channel out of thirty-seven available communication channels) is selected for each of the transmissions, where the communication channel follows a hopping frequency sequence. The synchronization between the central device and the peripheral devices in the group is based on the periodicity of the PA. The periodically-transmitted messages (e.g., the synchronization messages) include zero, one, or more commands (e.g., a respective operational code (OpCode) and parameters associated with each command). If a response from a peripheral device is expected by the central device (e.g., the synchronization message from the central device requests a response from a specific peripheral device), the particular peripheral device will respond in a specific response slot, based on where the peripheral device appeared within a sequence contained within the synchronization message transmitted by the central device.

Each access point may have an associated channel map. A channel map is a listing of frequency channels to be utilized or, conversely, not to be utilized (e.g., in the context of modification of frequency hopping sequences) by an access point for communication, such as with the ESLs or other devices. For example, for a particular PA train, PA packets can be transmitted on a particular number of channels (e.g., 37 data channels). The channels that are used and the channels that are not used can be indicated by the channel map. The channel map of an access point can be updated via a channel map update (CMU). A CMU is a procedure for updating (or changing) a current channel map (ChM) for an access point to a new channel map for the access point. As noted previously, the access point can send a synchronization message as a PA to the ESLs. The synchronization message can include various types of information, including information associated with a CMU in addition to other information. For example, when an access point is performing a CMU, information associated with the CMU can be included in one or more fields (e.g., an Additional Controller Advertising Data (ACAD) field) of a synchronization message. The CMU information included in a synchronization message can notify one or more ESLs of the new channel map to be used for future communications with the access point.

In some cases, an ESL may lose synchronization with (e.g., due to being out of communications range) a current access point for which the ESL is associated. Such a loss in synchronization may interrupt the management entity's ability to control the ESL and the ESL's ability to report to the management entity. After determining a network outage (e.g., caused by the loss of synchronization), the ESL may perform an onboarding procedure to reestablish synchronization with an access point. PAwR allows BLE peripheral devices (e.g., ESLs) to perform an onboarding procedure to synchronize with a central device (e.g., an access point) and, as such, be able to respond to periodic transmissions from the central device. For example, for an onboarding procedure in a retail setup (e.g., within a retail store or warehouse environment), an access point can act as a central device, and ESLs can act as peripheral devices. When the ESLs are powered, the ESLs can scan to receive a wake up packet (WUP) from the access point. The WUP can contain advertisement parameters for the ESLs. Upon receiving the WUP from the access point, the ESLs can transmit advertisement messages (e.g., a connectable advertisement (CAP)) on a legacy channel based on parameters (e.g., interval and duration parameters) received within the WUP. The access point can scan to receive the CAPs from the ESLs, and then create a generic attribute profile (GATT) connection with one of the advertising ESLs to perform onboarding of that ESL. The onboarding process involves the transfer of periodic advertisement synchronization transfer (PAST) information, where an access point can share its PAwR timing with the ESL. When multiple access points receive a CAP from an ESL, the access points can report the received CAP to the management entity. The management entity can then shortlist one of the access points to onboard the ESL.

A system (e.g., a system for asset tracking, monitoring, and/or supply chain management purposes, such as in a retail store or warehouse environment) may include one or more wireless communication devices that are controlled by a network entity. For example, a system may include one or more peripheral devices (e.g., wireless communication devices, such as in the form of ESLs) that are controlled by a network entity (e.g., an edge server) via at least one network device (e.g., an access point). In one or more examples, to facilitate control by the network entity (e.g., the edge server), each peripheral device (e.g., ESL) may have a wireless connection (e.g., a BLE connection or other connection) to the network device (e.g., the access point) that is communicatively connected to the network entity (e.g., via the Internet, such as wirelessly, via an Ethernet connection, etc.). In some cases, commands from the network entity (e.g., the edge server) may be wirelessly transmitted to the peripheral devices (e.g., ESLs) by the network device (e.g., the access point). Responses or information from the peripheral devices may also be received by the network device, and provided by the network device to the network entity (e.g., by the access point to the edge server).

The peripheral devices in the system may include a plurality of ambient internet of things (IOT) devices (as examples of wireless communication devices or peripheral devices), which may each be in the form of a low cost, batteryless, energy harvesting tag, such as an electronic tag (eTag). One or more of the ambient IOT devices (e.g., tags) can each be attached to an asset located within a location (e.g., a retail store, a warehouse, etc.) for asset tracking, monitoring, and/or supply chain management purposes. Devices, such as devices for energizing (e.g., which may be referred to as “energizing devices”, “energizers”, or “readers”), can interrogate, scan, read, probe, and/or energize the ambient IOT devices. Such energizing devices can be in the form of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, tablet computers, handheld reader devices, etc.), robots, forklifts, or other devices.

The ambient IOT devices (e.g., being batteryless) may be powered by harvesting energy (e.g., power) from signals (e.g., energizing signals, RF signals, sweeping beams, or energizing waveforms) transmitted from the devices (such as energizing devices). After being energized, the ambient IOT devices can each transmit a response signal (e.g., a beacon) including some identifying information (e.g., metadata) that is unique to each ambient IOT device. Near field communication (NFC) tags can support communication as well. An edge server may store and maintain a database of information pertaining to the ambient IOT devices (e.g., information related to their capabilities and last known locations).

In certain scenarios, for a system (e.g., a system for asset tracking, monitoring, and/or supply chain management purposes, such as in a retail store or warehouse environment), for estimating a device's position, the device may only be able to obtain received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements. The device may be a low-cost device (e.g., an ambient IOT device, such as in the form of an etag), which may not be able to obtain time of arrival (ToA) or angle of arrival (AoA) measurements, which require the device to have advanced processing capabilities.

In some cases, an anchor node infrastructure may be employed by the system for positioning. In an anchor node infrastructure, one or more anchor nodes may be used for positioning of one or more target devices. The one or more anchor nodes are each located in a known respective position. In some cases, wireless communication devices (e.g., ESLs) may be used as anchor devices. The one or more target devices are each located in an unknown respective position. In one or more cases, the one or more target devices may be one or more ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) and/or one or more mobile devices (e.g., such as a mobile phone or smartphone associated with a user). The anchor node infrastructure, however, may not support timing measurements (e.g., such as ESL and legacy versions of W-Fi access points that do not support two-way ranging using ToA measurements).

Although being a low-complexity approach, RSSI-based positioning typically yields lower accuracies, which are proportional to the density of the anchor nodes. As such, in large stores and warehouses, where access points tend to be located far apart (e.g., twenty-five to thirty meters) from each other, the positioning accuracy tends to be low. This effect can be exacerbated in macro-scenarios, where base stations (e.g., which may be in the form of gNodeBs (gNBs)) are used as anchor nodes and are located several hundreds of meters apart from each other.

As such, improved systems and techniques for accurate energy-efficient positioning for target devices can be beneficial.

In one or more aspects of the present disclosure, systems, apparatuses, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as “systems and techniques”) are described herein that provide solutions for wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) transmit and receive patterns for energy-efficient positioning.

Various aspects relate generally to wireless communications. Some aspects more specifically relate to systems and techniques that provide solutions that use a wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) infrastructure. A wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) infrastructure can provide a highly-dense network of anchor nodes that can achieve sub-meter positioning accuracy in retail store (or warehouse) settings, albeit with constraints on power consumption, when the ESLs are battery-powered. The system and techniques focus on the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio power conservation issue, where the systems and techniques optimize a trade-off between accuracy and power consumption in the form of transmit and/or receive patterns that are imposed on the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio operations. In one or more examples, the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) transmit and receive patterns for positioning (e.g., including both device-based and network-based approaches) utilize spatial and temporal interleaving. In some examples, the certain criteria may be used for selecting and switching between transmit/receive patterns. In one or more examples, the systems and techniques can tackle asymmetry between position estimation of mobile devices, such as mobile phones (e.g., utilizing downlink (DL)-RSSIs), and position estimation of ambient IOT devices, such as etags (e.g., utilizing uplink (UL)-RSSIs).

In one or more examples, one or more clusters of wireless communication devices (e.g., ESLs) may be chosen, based on their locations and a coarse location (e.g., an area) of a target device (e.g., ambient IOT device or mobile device). Each wireless communication device cluster (e.g., ESL cluster) may be configured to transmit and/or receive over fixed slots based on a duty cycle. This transmit/receive configuration may be made available to the target device. The sizes of wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) clusters and their duty cycles may be adjusted accordingly, based on wireless communication device power and positioning accuracy requirements. In some examples, when wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios need to perform both transmitting and receiving, power may be conserved by using different cluster and duty cycle patterns for receiving and/or transmitting of signals.

In one or more aspects, during operation for wireless communications at a network entity, the network entity can determine a group of wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device. The network entity can determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios. The network entity can transmit, to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In one or more examples, determining the group of wireless communication device radios of the plurality of wireless communication device radios can be based on a known area comprising the target device. In some examples, the criteria can include confidence in a location estimate of the target device, a time of day, foot traffic for an area comprising the target device, an accuracy requirement associated with a use case for the target device, a buffer capacity for each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios, presence of an uplink interference, and/or a use case associated with an identifier of the target device.

In one or more examples, the target device can be an ambient IOT device or a mobile device. In some examples, when the target device is an ambient IOT device, the communications pattern can be a receive pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to receive from the target device. In one or more examples, the ambient IOT device can be an energy harvesting electronic tag (etag).

In some examples, when the target device is a mobile device, the communications pattern can be a transmit pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to transmit to the target device. In one or more examples, the network entity can group wireless communication device radios within the group of wireless communication device radios into a plurality of clusters. In some examples, the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters can have a uniform spatial geometry. In one or more examples, the communications pattern can include staggered transmissions across time for the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters. In one or more examples, the communications pattern can include staggered transmissions across time for wireless communication device radios across different clusters of the plurality of clusters. In some examples, the mobile device can be smartphone, a smart watch, or a tablet. In one or more examples, the network entity can be a management entity (e.g., edge server). In some examples, each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios can be an electronic shelf label (ESL) radio.

Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In one or more examples, the systems and techniques can provide a benefit of reducing power consumption for batteries associated with ESL radios. In some examples, the systems and techniques can provide a benefit of providing accurate positioning of target devices, including ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) and/or mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, such as smartphones).

Additional aspects of the present disclosure are described in more detail below.

As used herein, the term “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

1 FIG. 1 FIG. 100 100 110 120 130 140 100 According to various aspects,is a diagram of an example environmentin which systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented. As shown in, the environmentmay include at least one access point (AP)(e.g., a network device), at least one wireless communication device(e.g., at least one ESL), a management entity (ME)(e.g., a network entity), and a network. Devices of the environmentMay interconnect via wired connections, wireless connections, or a combination of wired and wireless connections.

110 110 110 The access pointmay include one or more devices capable of receiving, generating, storing, processing, providing, and/or routing information associated with access point synchronization and/or handover, as described elsewhere herein. The access pointmay include a communication device and/or a computing device. The access pointmay be configured to transmit beacons (e.g., BLE beacons), as well as to scan and locate other devices (e.g., other devices communicating using BLE protocols).

120 120 120 The wireless communication devicemay include one or more devices capable of receiving, generating, storing, processing, and/or providing information associated with access point synchronization and/or handover, as described elsewhere herein. The wireless communication devicemay include a communication device and/or a computing device. In some aspects, the wireless communication devicemay be, may include, or may be included in an electronic shelf label (ESL).

130 130 130 130 130 110 120 130 110 130 The management entityincludes one or more devices capable of receiving, generating, storing, processing, providing, and/or routing information associated with access point synchronization and/or handover, as described elsewhere herein. The management entitymay include a communication device and/or a computing device. For example, the management entitymay include a server, such as an application server, a client server, a web server, a database server, a host server, a proxy server, a virtual server (e.g., executing on computing hardware), or a server in a cloud computing system. In some aspects, the management entityincludes computing hardware used in a cloud computing environment. The management entitymay provide control of a system (e.g., an ESL system) that includes the access point(s), the wireless communication device(s), and/or the device(s). The access point(s)may be communicatively connected to the management entityvia a network (not shown), such as the Internet.

140 140 140 100 The networkmay include one or more wireless networks. For example, the networkmay include a personal area network (e.g., a Bluetooth network). The networkenables communication among the devices of environment.

1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 100 100 The number and arrangement of devices and networks shown inare provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devices and/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks, different devices and/or networks, or differently arranged devices and/or networks than those shown in. Furthermore, two or more devices shown inmay be implemented within a single device, or a single device shown inmay be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) of environmentmay perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of devices of environment.

2 FIG. 2 FIG. 200 200 110 120 130 110 120 130 200 200 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 is a diagram illustrating example components of a device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Devicemay correspond to access point, wireless communication device(e.g., an ESL), and/or management entity. In some aspects, access point, wireless communication device, and/or management entitymay include one or more devicesand/or one or more components of device. As shown in, devicemay include a bus, a processor, a memory, a storage component, an input component, an output component, and/or a communication component.

205 200 210 210 210 215 210 Busmay include a component that permits communication among the components of device. Processormay be implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. Processormay be a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or another type of processing component. In some aspects, processormay include one or more processors capable of being programmed to perform a function. Memorymay include a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and/or another type of dynamic or static storage device (e.g., a flash memory, a magnetic memory, and/or an optical memory) that stores information and/or instructions for use by processor.

220 200 220 Storage componentcan store information and/or software related to the operation and use of device. For example, storage componentmay include a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, and/or a solid state disk), a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, and/or another type of non-transitory computer-readable medium, along with a corresponding drive.

225 200 225 200 200 230 200 Input componentmay include a component that permits deviceto receive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touch screen display, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, and/or a microphone). Additionally, or alternatively, input componentmay include a component for determining a position or a location of device(e.g., an indoor location component or system that can be based on a plan-o-gram of an environment in which the deviceis located, a global positioning system (GPS) component, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) component, any combination thereof, and/or other location component) and/or a sensor for sensing information (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an actuator, or another type of position or environment sensor). Output componentcan include a component that provides output information from device(e.g., a display, a speaker, a haptic feedback component, and/or an audio or visual indicator).

235 200 235 200 235 Communication componentmay include one or more transceiver-like components (e.g., a transceiver and/or a separate receiver and transmitter) that enables deviceto communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. Communication componentmay permit deviceto receive information from another device and/or provide information to another device. For example, communication componentmay include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a wireless local area interface (e.g., a Wi-Fi interface or a BLE interface), and/or a cellular network interface.

235 Communication componentmay include one or more antennas for receiving wireless radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted from one or more other devices, cloud networks, and/or the like. The antenna may be a single antenna or an antenna array (e.g., antenna phased array) that can facilitate simultaneous transmit and receive functionality. The antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna such that signals can be received from and transmitted in all directions. The wireless signals may be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network may be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth™ network, and/or other network.

235 The one or more transceiver-like components (e.g., a wireless transceiver) of the communication componentmay include an RF front end including one or more components, such as an amplifier, a mixer (also referred to as a signal multiplier) for signal down conversion, a frequency synthesizer (also referred to as an oscillator) that provides signals to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, among other components. The RF front-end can generally handle selection and conversion of the wireless signals into a baseband or intermediate frequency and can convert the RF signals to the digital domain.

210 210 In some cases, a CODEC may be implemented (e.g., by the processor) to encode and/or decode data transmitted and/or received using the one or more wireless transceivers. In some cases, encryption-decryption may be implemented (e.g., by the processor) to encrypt and/or decrypt data (e.g., according to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and/or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standard) transmitted and/or received by the one or more wireless transceivers.

200 230 In some aspects, devicemay represent an ESL. The ESL may include a battery in addition to the aforementioned components. In some aspects, the output componentof the ESL may be an electronic paper (e-paper) display or a liquid crystal display (LCD).

200 200 210 215 220 Devicemay perform one or more processes described herein. Devicemay perform these processes based on processorexecuting software instructions stored by a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memoryand/or storage component. A computer-readable medium is defined herein as a non-transitory memory device. A memory device includes memory space within a single physical storage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storage devices.

215 220 235 215 220 210 Software instructions may be read into memoryand/or storage componentfrom another computer-readable medium or from another device via communication component. When executed, software instructions stored in memoryand/or storage componentmay cause processorto perform one or more processes described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to perform one or more processes described herein. Thus, aspects described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

2 FIG. 2 FIG. 200 200 200 The number and arrangement of components shown inare provided as an example. In practice, devicemay include additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of components (e.g., one or more components) of devicemay perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of device.

120 340 110 1 FIG. 3 FIG. 1 FIG. As previously mentioned, a system (e.g., a system for asset tracking, monitoring, and/or supply chain management purposes, such as in a retail store or warehouse environment) can include one or more wireless communication devices that are controlled by a network entity. For example, a system may include one or more peripheral devices (e.g., wireless communication devices, such as wireless communication devicesof, for example in the form of ESLs) that are controlled by a network entity (e.g., an edge server, such as network entityof) via at least one network device (e.g., an access point, such as access pointof). In one or more examples, to facilitate control by the network entity (e.g., the edge server), each peripheral device (e.g., ESL) can have a wireless connection (e.g., a BLE connection or other connection) to the network device (e.g., the access point) that is communicatively connected to the network entity (e.g., via the Internet, such as wirelessly, via an Ethernet connection, etc.). In some cases, commands from the network entity (e.g., the edge server) can be wirelessly transmitted to the peripheral devices (e.g., ESLs) by the network device (e.g., the access point). Responses or information from the peripheral devices can also be received by the network device, and provided by the network device to the network entity (e.g., by the access point to the edge server).

310 320 3 FIG. 3 FIG. The peripheral devices in the system can include a plurality of ambient IOT devices (as examples of wireless communication devices or peripheral devices), which may each be in the form of a low cost, batteryless, energy harvesting tag (e.g., ambient IOT devicesof). One or more of the ambient IOT devices (e.g., ambient IOT tags) may each be attached to an asset located within a location or environment (e.g., a retail store, a warehouse, etc.) for asset tracking, monitoring, and/or supply chain management purposes. Devices, such as devices for energizing (e.g., which may be referred to as “energizing devices”, “energizers”, or “readers”, such as energizing devicesof), may interrogate, scan, read, probe, and/or energize the ambient IOT devices. Such devices may be in the form of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, tablet computers, handheld reader devices, etc.), robots, forklifts, or other devices.

The ambient IOT devices, being batteryless, can be powered by harvesting energy (e.g., power) from signals (e.g., energizing signals, RF signals, sweeping beams, or energizing waveforms) transmitted from the devices (e.g., the energizing devices). After being energized, the ambient IOT devices may each transmit a response signal including some identifying information (e.g., metadata) that is unique to each ambient IOT device. NFC tags may support communication as well. The edge server can store and maintain a database of information pertaining to the ambient IOT devices (e.g., information related to their capabilities and last known locations).

In one or more aspects, the system (e.g., including energizing devices) can be utilized to trigger ambient IOT devices to send response signals including their respective identifying information. In one or more examples, ambient IOT devices of a system (e.g., deployed within a retail store) may be configured to transmit beacon frames (e.g., response signals, which may include identifying information associated with the ambient IOT devices).

3 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 300 300 300 310 shows an example of system (e.g., deployed within a retail store). In particular,is a diagram illustrating an example of a system. In, the systemis shown to be located within a retail store. The systememploys wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios as anchor nodes for positioning of target devices, which may be in the form of ambient IOT devices(e.g., etags) and/or mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones).

300 340 330 310 320 350 3 FIG. The systemofis shown to include a network entity(e.g., in the form of an edge server or gateway node or management entity, which may be located within the retail store), a network device(e.g., an access point, which may be located within the retail store), ambient IOT devices(e.g., energy harvesting BLE tags, for example eTags, that are each associated with a parcel), energizing devices(e.g., energizers mounted on the shelving units within the retail store), and wireless communication devices(e.g., in the form of ESLs that are mounted on the shelving units, where the ESLs are powered and controlled by an electric rail mounted within the shelving units, and the ESLs are associated with ESL radios).

320 320 310 310 310 310 320 310 310 In one or more aspects, the energizing devices(e.g., energizers mounted on a shelf, mobile devices, such as a smart phone, a robot, a fork lift, etc.) may have one or more capabilities. In one or more examples, the energizing devicesmay have a capability of supporting RFID technology, which may include the ability to read and scan an ambient IOT device(e.g., in the form of an RFID tag, such as an eTag), and include the ability to support communications using one or more frequency bands related to RFID technology, such as low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), near field communication (NFC) frequency, and ultra-high frequency (UHF). In some examples, the energizing devicesmay have an energizing capability, which can include the ability to energize an ambient IOT deviceand to instruct the ambient IOT deviceto communicate (e.g., via a broadcast or a unicast) with another device (e.g., communicate information about a particular item to an access point, such as for inventory purposes). In one or more examples, the energizing devicesmay have a capability to support beamforming (e.g., a beamforming capability to be able to form an antenna beam and scan, for example steer, the beam towards a particular ambient IOT device), such as for the purpose of interrogating the ambient IOT device.

320 320 310 330 340 In one or more examples, the energizing devicesmay have a capability to support radio communications, such as radio frequency (RF) communications (e.g., using cellular, satellite, Wi-Fi, and/or Bluetooth communications). For example, the energizing devicesmay be able to receive transmissions (e.g., RF signal transmissions) from one or more ambient IOT devices(e.g., each in the form of a tag, such as an eTag), such as for the purpose of relaying the received information to a network device(e.g., access point) and a network entity(e.g., an edge server).

320 320 310 In some examples, the energizing devicesmay have a capability of including a camera for capturing images and/or video of the surrounding environment (e.g., within the retail store or warehouse). The energizing devicesmay receive information (e.g., about a product associated with an ambient IOT device) via images taken by the camera of the local environment.

320 310 340 320 310 320 320 310 320 340 In one or more examples, the energizing devicesmay have a capability of having transparency, which may include an ability to share information associated with one or more ambient IOT devices, which may each be in the form of a tag (e.g., an eTag), with a network entity, such as an edge server. In some examples, the energizing devicesmay have the capability to share information (e.g., prices, expiration dates, and/or online reviews related to the items associated with the ambient IOT devices) to a user or a store employee by displaying the information on a graphical user interface (GUI), which may be implemented within the energizing devices. In one or more examples, when an energizing deviceis able to share information associated with one or more ambient IOT devices, there may be an expected latency (e.g., an expected amount of delay in time) in the energizing devicedelivering the information to the network entity, such as an edge server.

310 310 350 In one or more aspects, ambient IOT devices, which may each be in the form of a tag (e.g., an eTag), may have one or more capabilities. In one or more examples, the ambient IOT devicesmay be part of a larger system, such as a system that includes wireless communication devices(e.g., ESLs) and/or rail controllers, which may each be equipped with wireless radios (e.g., RF radios, such as ESL radios) and/or cameras.

310 320 310 320 320 320 350 320 In one or more examples, the ambient IOT devicesmay have one or more of the same capabilities as previously mentioned for the energizing devices, except for the energizing and beamforming capabilities. For example, the ambient IOT devicesmay have capabilities including the ability to support RFID technology (e.g., which can include the ability to harvest energy from received signals (energizer signals or transmissions) from energizing devicesand to transmit identifying information after being sufficiently energized with power), the ability to operate as a radio (e.g., the ability to receive transmissions from energizing devicesand to transmit signals to the energizing devicesand/or to the wireless communication devices), the ability to operate as a camera, and/or the ability to operate with transparency (e.g., by sharing identifying information for itself with energizing devices).

300 320 310 310 310 310 3 FIG. In one or more aspects, during operation of the systemofwithin a retail store scenario, the energizing devicescan send (e.g., transmit) energizer signals (e.g., energizer transmissions) to the ambient IOT devices. The ambient IOT devicescan receive the energizer signals and harvest energy from the energizer signals to energize themselves. After the ambient IOT deviceshave harvested enough energy to be able to transmit, the ambient IOT devices(e.g., eTags) can send (e.g., transmit) beacons (e.g., beacon frames).

350 310 310 310 310 340 330 In one or more examples, the wireless communication devices(e.g., ESL radios associated with ESLs with known positions and can operate as anchoring nodes), which are located within the vicinity of the ambient IOT devices(e.g., etags with unknown positions and may be target devices), can receive the beacons transmitted from the ambient IOT devices(e.g., eTags). In some examples, receivers (e.g., associated with the ESL radios) may receive the beacons, may obtain information from the beacons (e.g., information related to the ambient IOT devicesthemselves, such as unique identifying information, and/or information related to items or product associated with the ambient IOT devices), and may obtain measurements (e.g., signal strength measurements, such as RSSIs) of the received beacons. In response to receiving the beacons, the receivers may not perform an interrogation itself, but rather may relay the information within and/or associated with (e.g., measurements, such as the RSSIs) the beacons to the network entity(e.g., an edge server) via the network device(e.g., access point).

300 300 350 350 350 3 FIG. In some aspects, the systemofmay include a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone, such as a smartphone) that is associated with a user, who may be walking down an aisle of the store. In one or more examples, during operation of the systemwithin a retail store scenario, the wireless communication devices(e.g., ESL radios, which are associated with ESLs, with known positions and can operate as anchoring nodes), which are located within the vicinity of the mobile device (e.g., with an unknown position and may be a target device), can send (e.g., transmit) beacons (e.g., beacon frames). The mobile device can then receive the beacons from the wireless communication devices(e.g., ESL radios). The mobile device can may obtain information from the received beacons (e.g., information related to the wireless communication devicesthemselves, such as unique identifying information) and/or may obtain measurements (e.g., signal strength measurements, such as RSSIs) of the received beacons. In one or more examples, the mobile device may utilizing the information and/or the measurements to determine a position of the mobile device.

4 FIG. 4 FIG. 4 FIG. 400 440 300 shows an example of the use case (e.g., within a warehouse) for wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) assisted positioning. In particular,is a diagram illustrating an example of a system, where objects (e.g., products) are being stocked in a warehouse environment. In, objects (e.g., products) within cases (e.g., boxes) are organized and stored at locationwithin a back room of the warehouse. In one or more examples, each of the cases (e.g., boxes) has an associated ambient IOT device (e.g., an etag). The movement of the cases (e.g., boxes) throughout the warehouse can be monitored via the ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) associated with the cases (e.g., boxes), for example as described for the operation of the system, which utilizes wireless communication device (e.g., ESLs) radios as anchor nodes.

450 430 300 3 FIG. Throughout the day, selected cases (e.g., boxes) may be relocated (e.g., via traveling along path) to a front room of the warehouse. A trolley(e.g., with an associated energizing device) may be used by a user (e.g., an employee) to relocate (e.g., move) the cases (e.g., boxes). When the cases (e.g., boxes) are located in the front room of the warehouse, a user (e.g., an employee) may open the cases and remove objects (e.g., products) from the cases. The user may then restock shelves (e.g., which may include wireless communication devices, such as in the form of ESLs) of shelving units with the objects (e.g., products). In one or more examples, the restocking may be performed during a certain period of the day, such as from ten (10) post meridiem (P.M.) to twelve (12) ante meridiem (A.M.). A tracking mechanism (e.g., positioning using wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios, as described for the systemof) is essential to monitor the final location of each case (e.g., box) after its contents (e.g., objects) have been arranged on the shelves of the shelving units.

410 460 430 410 410 420 410 After the objects have been removed from the cases (e.g., boxes), the empty casesmay be relocated (e.g., via traveling along path) from the front room of the warehouse to the back room of the warehouse. The trolley(e.g., with an associated energizing device) may be used by a user (e.g., an employee) to relocate (e.g., move) the empty casesto the back room. Once the empty caseshave been moved to the back room, a balerlocated in the back room can be used to compress the empty casesinto a bale or a bundle.

In one or more examples, other use cases for wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) assisted positioning may include storewide tracking and anti-theft services for valuable objects.

5 FIG. 5 FIG. 5 FIG. 350 500 510 550 520 550 510 550 560 550 580 shows an example configuration of wireless communication devices (e.g., the wireless communication devices) installed on shelves. In particular,is a diagram illustrating an exampleof a wireless communication devices (e.g., ESLs) equipped with radios (e.g., ESL radios) installed on shelves. In, two views of a retail store are shown. The two views include a top viewof the store (e.g., including two gondolasin the form of shelving units) and a side viewof the store (e.g., including a side view of one of the gondolas). In the top view, each of the gondolas(e.g., shelving units) includes a plurality of (e.g., five, or up to a total of six) horizontal shelves. The two gondolas(e.g., shelving units) are shown to be parallel to each other and divided by an aisle.

510 530 560 530 540 560 530 540 530 530 530 540 530 540 540 5 FIG. 5 FIG. In the top viewofa plurality of wireless communication devices in the form of ESLsare shown to be mounted and installed on the horizontal shelves. Each of the ESLsmay be equipped with a display and/or a camera. A plurality of wireless communication devices in the form of ESL radiosare also shown to be mounted and installed on the horizontal shelvesand interspersed in between multiple ESLs. For example, as shown in, each ESL radiois shown to be located in between three ESLs. In one or more examples, one or more ESLs(e.g., three ESLs) may be associated with (e.g., linked to) a single, common, ESL radio. In some examples, a group of ESLsmay be associated with a single, common, ESL radio. In some examples, the ESL radiosmay be deployed such that they are located apart from each other by a distance of one to two meters (m).

540 310 570 580 550 570 320 310 540 540 340 330 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. In some examples, the ESL radios(e.g., which can each include a transmit and receive antenna(s)) can each be used as an “anchor node” for positioning of ambient IOT devices (e.g., ambient IOT devicesof, which may be in the form of eTags). In one or more examples, a shopping cart(e.g., including an energizing device) is shown to be travelling down the aislelocated between the gondolas(e.g., the shelving units). The shopping cartmay include an energizing device (e.g., an energizing devicesof) that can send (e.g., transmit) energizing signals to energize nearby ambient IOT devices (e.g., the ambient IOT deicesof, which may be in the form of eTags). After the ambient IOT devices have a sufficient amount of charge (e.g., from the energizing signals) to transmit, the ambient IOT devices may transmit beacons (e.g., beacon frames or beacon signals). The ESL radiosmay receive the beacons from the ambient IOT devices, may obtain information from the beacons (e.g., information related to the ambient IOT devices themselves and/or information related to items or product associated with the ambient IOT devices), and may obtain measurements (e.g., signal strength measurements, such as RSSIs) of the received beacons. The ESL radiosmay relay the information within and/or associated with (e.g., measurements, such as the RSSIs) the beacons to a network entity (e.g., the network entityof, such as an edge server) via a network device (e.g., the network deviceof, such as an access point).

340 310 540 310 3 FIG. 3 FIG. In one or more examples, the network entity (e.g., the network entity, which may be in the form of an edge server) may determine (e.g., compute) a position (e.g., an estimated location) for an ambient IOT device (e.g., ambient IOT deviceof) based on signal strengths (e.g., RSSIs) measured by the ESL radiosof the beacons transmitted from that ambient IOT device (e.g., ambient IOT deviceof).

6 FIG. 6 FIG. 5 FIG. 5 FIG. 600 610 610 560 550 shows an example wireless communication device rail. In particular,is a diagram illustrating an exampleof a wireless communication device rail(e.g., an ESL rail). In one or more examples, the wireless communication device railmay be installed along a shelf (e.g., one of the shelves of the horizontal shelvesof) of a shelving unit (e.g., the gondolaof) within a store or a warehouse.

6 FIG. 610 610 620 620 620 610 630 650 620 660 640 620 660 In, the wireless communication device railis shown to include (e.g., implemented within the wireless communication device rail) a plurality of (e.g., three) wireless communication devices(e.g., ESLs). Each of the wireless communication devicesis shown to include a display, which may be in the form of a light emitting diode (LED) display or an electric-paper (e-paper) display. The wireless communication devicesmay not include a camera (e.g., an image sensor), a radio (e.g., including transmit and receive antennas), or a battery. The wireless communication device railis also shown to include a camera(e.g., an image sensor), a battery(e.g., used to power the wireless communication devices), a rail controller(e.g., with a BLE radio, such as an ESL radio), and a three-wire bus(e.g., for communications between the wireless communication devicesand the rail controller).

Trilateration using RSSIs for position estimation has been observed to be highly unreliable since the RSSIs are very susceptible to attenuation, which in turn can lead to poor range estimation accuracy. The Weighted Centroid Algorithm (WCA) has been seen to be much more robust to attenuation and non-line of sight (NLOS) effects.

7 FIG. 7 FIG. 720 700 730 710 710 710 a b c shows an example of position estimation of an ambient IOT device(e.g., in the form of an eTag) using an RSSI-weighted centroid algorithm (e.g., WCA). In particular,is a diagram illustrating an exampleof a convex regionformed by ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3).

720 710 710 710 720 710 710 710 740 720 1 2 M a b c a b c For example, for a given ambient IOT device (e.g., ambient IOT device, which may be in the form of an eTag), let r≥r≥ . . . rdenote the RSSI values for M number of ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3) in descending order. The position estimate for the ambient IOT device (e.g., ambient IOT device) can then be given by the weighted average of the known positions of the ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3), where the weights may be a function of the RSSI values. As such, the position (e.g., position estimate) for the ambient IOT device (e.g., ambient IOT device) may be determined by using the following equations:

710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 a b c a b c a b c k k where N is the number of ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3), ware the weights for the ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3), Pare the known positions (e.g., ground truth locations) for the ESL radios (e.g., ESL 1, ESL 2, ESL 3), and λ is a factor that determines a “priority level” for how the RSSI measurements are ranked and translated into weights. N is a subset of M. Both N and A may be empirical terms, which may be preset to some desired value.

As previously mentioned, in ESL systems, PAs are often utilized to provide regular and predictable payload transmissions from a central device (e.g., which may be in the form of a network device, such as an access point) to one or more peripheral devices (e.g., which may each be in the form of a wireless communication device, such as an ESL). PAs can be used to issue information from a central device to multiple peripheral devices, which may be within one or more groups of peripheral devices. PAs are generally unidirectional (e.g., unidirectional transmissions) such that PAs are transmitted only one-way from a central device to one or more peripheral devices.

Periodic Advertisement with Response (PAwR) was introduced to ESL systems to provide bidirectionality (e.g., bidirectional transmissions between a central device and one or more peripheral devices). Peripheral devices synchronized within a group of peripheral devices can be addressed by a central device on a synchronized channel (e.g., a synchronized frequency channel between the central device and the peripheral devices) whenever the central device determines to send (e.g., transmit) a request (e.g., a PA containing a synchronization message transmitted on the synchronized channel) to the peripheral devices. If a response from a peripheral device is expected by the central device (e.g., the synchronization message from the central device requests a response from a specific peripheral device), the particular peripheral device will respond in a specific response slot, based on where the peripheral device appeared within a sequence contained within the synchronization message transmitted by the central device.

8 9 FIGS.and 8 FIG. 9 FIG. 8 FIG. 1 FIG. 8 FIG. 1 FIG. 805 805 805 805 805 920 920 1 11 12 22 920 920 110 120 110 120 a b c d c a b a b show signaling diagrams illustrating examples of PAwR in an ESL system. In particular, the signaling diagram ofshows an example PAwR for a group of wireless network devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5), and the signaling diagram ofshows an example PAwR for two groups of wireless network devices,, shown as wireless communication devices (WCDs) (e.g., a first group including WCDto WCD, and a second group including WCDto WCD). The wireless network devices,can include ESLs, tags, IoT devices (e.g., ambient loT device), or other types of network devices.shows a signal timing diagram illustrating a portion of a communication between an access point (e.g., access point) and wireless communication devices(e.g., ESLs). With reference to, the signal sequence illustrated inmay be implemented by one or more of the communication connections, access points, and/or wireless communication devicesof.

805 805 805 805 805 120 810 810 805 805 805 805 805 810 110 805 805 805 805 805 810 110 810 810 110 810 a b c d c a b c d c a b c d c 8 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. The devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) ofmay be selected from wireless communication devicesof, and may each receive a periodic advertisement (PA) in a scan period. The scan periodmay occur in regularly scheduled intervals and may be repeated periodically such that the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) can awaken to scan for messages during this repeated scan period. An access point (e.g., access pointof) may provide periodic advertisements (PAs) via broadcast or multi-cast to the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) in the scan period. For an access point (e.g., access pointof), the scan periodcan be its primary transmission period. In some cases, the scan periodmay not be a fixed time because the access point (e.g., access pointof) may send different lengths of data from the start of the scan period.

805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 805 110 130 110 110 805 805 805 805 805 a b c d c a b c d c a b c d e a b c d c 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. The transmission may include multiple advertisements in a train. One or more portions of the advertisements may be directed to one or more of the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5). The devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) may decode or filter the messages intended for each specific device and transmitted during the period when all devices are receiving. In this way, the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) may be reprogrammed, updated, and/or sent requests from an access point (e.g., access pointof) or relayed from another device (e.g., management entityof) through the access point (e.g., access pointof). The periodic advertisement (PA) from the access point (e.g., access pointof) may set a response period for one or more of the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5).

805 805 805 805 805 820 822 824 826 828 810 820 822 824 826 828 820 815 810 805 820 805 822 805 824 805 826 805 828 110 805 805 805 805 805 a b c d e a b c d e a b c d c 8 FIG. 1 FIG. As illustrated, the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) are each assigned a response period,,,,in the time after the scan period. The response periods,,,,for the peripheral (e.g., ESL, tag, IoT device, etc.) transmissions occur in a time division multiple access (TDMA) manner. In some cases, the assignment of the response period to a particular device may not be permanent. In some aspects, the assignment may be inferred from a payload of a synchronization message. The first response periodmay begin following an idle timeafter the scan period, with the idle period being long enough to provide the transmitter device an opportunity to do other Bluetooth related activities. The assigned response periods may also be limited to or designate a particular frequency of the channels on which to respond. For example, in, device 1is assigned response period, device 2is assigned response period, device 3is assigned response period, device 4is assigned response period, and device 5is assigned response period. The access point (e.g., access pointof) may store attributes of the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5), including whether a device is able to transmit or respond. The PA signaling followed by responses can be referred to as periodic advertisement with multiple responses (PAwMR).

805 120 110 810 805 824 805 805 110 805 110 110 805 805 805 805 805 c c c c c a b c d c 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. For example, device 3(e.g., wireless communication deviceof) may be a peripheral device (e.g., an ESL or other device) and may receive a price update in a PA from the access point (e.g., access pointof) in scan period. The PA received at device 3may include a designated start time for the response periodor may include a schedule of response start times for devices including device 3. The response by device 3to the access point (e.g., access pointof) may include an acknowledgement, a status code, and/or other information such as battery life, received signal strength, and/or an error notification. The response by device 3may include information to be relayed to another device by the access point (e.g., access pointof). The response may include a packet with a header and may conform to any of the Bluetooth protocols. A response may be transmitted in a data channel of the Bluetooth protocol to the access point (e.g., access pointof). Both the PA and the responses from all of the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) may use channels of the Bluetooth protocol.

805 805 805 805 805 805 110 820 822 824 826 828 110 820 822 824 826 828 110 e a b c d e 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. A device (e.g., device 5) that has been assigned a response period may not respond and may determine that it has nothing to signal. In other words, the devices (e.g., device 1, device 2, device 3, device 4, and device 5) may determine what response, if any, is required and may or may not respond to a request sent from the access point (e.g., access pointof). The response periods,,,,may be assigned based on a request for such a period in an open transmission time, the request being sent to the access point (e.g., access pointof). The response periods,,,,may be assigned based on which devices have been requested by the access point (e.g., access pointof) to send data or acknowledgements. The PA messages and responses may be frequency-hopped, time synchronized channels, and/or extended channels of the advertisement channels in Bluetooth.

9 FIG. 9 FIG. 1 FIG. 9 FIG. 1 FIG. 920 920 1 11 12 22 900 910 920 920 110 120 a b a b As previously mentioned,shows an example PAwR for two groups of wireless network devices,(e.g., a first group including WCDto WCD, and a second group including WCDto WCD). In particular,is a signaling diagram illustrating an example of communication transmissionsbetween a network device(e.g., a central device, which may be an access point) and two groups of wireless communication devices,(e.g., peripheral devices, which may be ESLs). With reference to, the signal sequence illustrated inmay be implemented by one or more of the communication connections, access points, and/or wireless communication devicesof.

9 FIG. 9 FIG. 9 FIG. 9 FIG. 920 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 950 950 950 950 950 950 950 950 950 950 a b a b a b a b a b a b In, the signaling diagram is shown in the form of a graph (e.g., a time grid, which may be predetermined) with an x-axis denoting time in milliseconds (ms) and a y-axis denoting specific wireless communication devices,(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD). In particular, the x-axis of the graph ofdenotes time starting from zero (0) ms. The time can be divided into two subframes,. As such, the two subframes,may include a first subframeand a second subframe. In one or more examples, there may be more or less than two subframes,as is shown in, and/or each subframe,may be longer or shorter than as shown in.

920 920 910 920 920 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 a b a b a b In one or more examples, the wireless communication devices,(e.g., peripheral devices) may be assigned (e.g., by the network deviceand/or by a network entity, such as a management entity) to different groups (e.g., two groups) of wireless communication devices,. For example, wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) may be assigned to a first group (e.g., group), and wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) may be assigned to second group (e.g., group).

9 FIG. 950 910 930 1 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 910 920 920 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 935 a a a a b a a In, during operation for PAwR, at time 0 ms for the first subframeof time, the network device(e.g., a central, such as an AP) may transmitto a first group (e.g., group) of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) a PA containing a synchronization message (e.g., an AP synchronization message) over a synchronized channel between the network deviceand the wireless communication devices,. As noted previously, a synchronization message can include one or more commands. For instance, a command can include an operational code (OpCode) and parameters associated with the command. At time 0 ms, the first group of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) can receivethe PA containing the synchronization message over the synchronized channel.

910 920 920 9 FIG. 9 FIG. a b In one or more examples, the network devicemay be configured to transmit PAs at a specified time interval (e.g., a subframe of time), such as is shown in. In one or more examples, the specified time interval (e.g., a subframe) may be shorter or longer than the as is shown in. The wireless communication devices,may respond to a PA by using their specific respective response slot in time.

930 1 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 940 910 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 940 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 940 950 a a a a a a a a a a 9 FIG. In one or more examples, the synchronization message transmittedto the first group (e.g., group) of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) may indicate a respective response slot for one or more of the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) in the first group to use to transmita response to the network device. If a wireless communication device(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) is addressed within the synchronization message, the wireless communication device(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) can respond (e.g., transmit) in its respective response slot, as indicated within the synchronization message. For example, the synchronization message may indicate a specific sequence for one or more of the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) to respond (e.g., transmit) in time (e.g., responding after 5 ms has elapsed after the start of the subframeat response slots as shown in).

920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 935 910 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 940 920 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 940 910 945 a a a a a a a After the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) have receivedthe PA containing the synchronization message from the network device, according to the sequence specified within the synchronization message, the one or more wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) can transmittheir responses within their respective response slots. After the one or more wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) have transmittedtheir responses in their respective response time slots, the network devicecan receivetheir transmitted responses at those specific response slot times.

950 910 930 2 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 910 920 920 950 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 935 b b b a b b b b During operation for PAwR, for the second subframeof time, the network devicemay transmitto a second group (e.g., group) of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) a PA containing a synchronization message over a synchronized channel between the network deviceand the wireless communication devices,. In addition, at the start of the second subframe, the second group of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) can receivethe PA containing the synchronization message over the synchronized channel.

930 2 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 940 910 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 940 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 940 b b b b b b b b b 9 FIG. The synchronization message transmittedto the second group (e.g., group) of wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) may indicate a respective response slot for one or more of the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) in the second group to use to transmita response to the network device. If a wireless communication device(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) is addressed within the synchronization message, the wireless communication device(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) can respond (e.g., transmit) in its respective response slot, as indicated within the synchronization message. For example, the synchronization message may indicate a specific sequence for one or more of the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) to respond (e.g., transmit) in time (e.g., responding after 5 ms has elapsed after the start of the subframe at response slots as shown in).

920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 935 910 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 940 920 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 940 910 945 b b b b b b b After the wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and WCD) have receivedthe PA containing the synchronization message from the network device, according to the sequence specified within the synchronization message, the one or more wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) may transmittheir responses within their respective response slots. After the one or more wireless communication devices(e.g., WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, WCD, and/or WCD) have transmittedtheir responses in their respective response time slots, the network devicecan receivetheir transmitted responses at those specific response slot times. The PAwR may continue similarly for subsequent subframes of time.

10 FIG. 10 FIG. 1000 1010 1020 1030 1010 1020 1020 shows examples of scheduling as per the Bluetooth specification as well as per custom energizing device/eTag scheduling. In particular,is a signaling diagram illustrating examplesof communication transmissions,,. Communication transmissionsshows scheduling (e.g., for communications between a network device in the form of an access point and ESLs equipped with radios) per the Bluetooth specification, communication transmissionsshows custom scheduling for an energizing device, and communication transmissionsshows custom scheduling for ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags).

1010 1040 10 FIG. For the communicationsof, an access point can send an AP beacon(e.g., including an AP_SYNC) once every periodic advertisement interval of 1.6 seconds(s). There may be a total of 128 subevent intervals, each 12.5 milliseconds (ms) long to address the ESLs. The ESLs may be grouped within in 128 groups. An ESL group can include eleven ESLs, which may transmit within a 12.5 ms subframe. There may be a maximum of 128 groups being managed by a single access point, for a total of 1408 ESLs, which may transmit within a 1.6 s frame.

1040 1040 1050 In one or more examples, the AP beaconcan include control information indicating when the ESLs should wake up to listen, and when each specific ESL should transmit a response to the access point. The ESLs may be synchronized with the access point. Each ESL can wake up once every 1.6 s to listen for the AP beaconin the subevent matching its own group ID (from 0 to 127). The ESLs can send responses within the response slots(e.g., eleven response slots) assigned to the eleven different ESLs. This signaling pattern can repeat over a certain period of time, until the access point receives responses from all of the ESLs.

1030 1090 1040 1050 For the communications, the ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags) may randomly select one of the four time slots, which occur in time (e.g., over a duration of 3.75 ms) between the AP beaconand the response slots, to transmit an UL beacon. Each time slot may be larger than the duration of the UL beacon to account for the possibility of poor time synchronization. These time slots repeat every subframe (e.g., of 12.5 ms).

1020 1080 1060 1070 1070 1090 1080 1090 For the communications, energizing devices can transmit a DL signal (e.g., every subframe) that may be an energizing signal that energizes ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags). The DL signal can include a wakeup signal (WUS) and a synchronization waveform (SYNC). The WUS can include a wakeup signal-packet (WUS-P)and wakeup signal-data (WUS-D). The WUS-Dcan include control information indicating the four time slotsthat the ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags) may choose from to transmit an UL beacon to the ESLs. The control information may be in the form of a bitmap, which can be used to relay the control information to the ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags). The synchronization waveform (SYNC)can be used by the ambient IOT devices (e.g., eTags) to determine the start time and end time of each of the four time slots.

In one or more aspects, the systems and techniques provide a solution for wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) transmit and receive patterns for energy-efficient positioning. The system and techniques focus on wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio power conservation. In one or more examples, the systems and techniques optimize a trade-off between position accuracy and power consumption in the form of transmit and/or receive patterns that are imposed on wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio operations.

In one or more aspects, during operation for wireless communications at a network entity, the network entity may determine a group of wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device. The network entity may determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios. The network entity may transmit, to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In one or more examples, determining the group of wireless communication device radios of the plurality of wireless communication device radios may be based on a known area comprising the target device (e.g., a known coarse location of the target device). In some examples, the criteria may include confidence in a location estimate of the target device, a time of day, foot traffic for an area comprising the target device, an accuracy requirement associated with a use case for the target device, a buffer capacity for each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios, presence of an uplink interference, and/or a use case associated with an identifier of the target device.

In one or more examples, the target device may be an ambient IOT device or a mobile device. In some examples, when the target device is an ambient IOT device, the communications pattern may be a receive pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to receive from the target device. In one or more examples, the ambient IOT device may be an energy harvesting electronic tag (etag).

In some examples, when the target device is a mobile device, the communications pattern may be a transmit pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to transmit to the target device. In one or more examples, the network entity may group wireless communication device radios within the group of wireless communication device radios into a plurality of clusters. In some examples, the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters may have a uniform spatial geometry. In one or more examples, the communications pattern may include staggered transmissions across time for the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters and/or for wireless communication device radios across different clusters of the plurality of clusters. In some examples, the mobile device may be smartphone, a smart watch, or a tablet. In one or more examples, the network entity may be a management entity (e.g., edge server). In some examples, each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios may be an electronic shelf label (ESL) radio.

1040 1050 540 340 10 FIG. 10 FIG. 5 FIG. 3 FIG. In one or more aspects, for an example scenario for positioning a target device, the target device (e.g., such as a mobile device, for example a smartphone, smart watch, or tablet, which may be associated with a user) may receive beacons (e.g., which may be transmitted in time between the AP beaconofand the response slotsof) from wireless communication device radios (e.g., ESL radiosof). The target device may then measure the RSSIs of the received beacons and estimate its own position (or report the measurements to a network entity, such as network entityof, which may in turn estimate the position of the target device and transmit the estimated position back to the target device).

340 540 3 FIG. 5 FIG. In one or more examples, during operation of the systems and techniques for positioning a target device (e.g., a mobile device, such as a smart phone, which may be associated with a user), the network entity (e.g., network entityof, which may be in the form of an edge server) may select a first group of wireless communication device radios (e.g., ESL radiosof) for transmitting a beacon (e.g., which may be intended to be used for positioning by the target device) using a first transmit pattern (e.g., a communications pattern). If available, a known coarse location (e.g., an area) for the target device may be used by the network entity (e.g., edge server) to select a smaller group of wireless communication device radios located in the vicinity of the target device (e.g., located nearby the known coarse location of the target device). The known course location can be based on any type of location information, such as GNSS or GPS information, a location indicated by a network device (e.g., a base station, an access point, a server, etc.) in communication with the target device.

330 1040 3 FIG. 10 FIG. The network entity (e.g., edge server) may select one transmit pattern of a plurality of transmit patterns. The network entity can then send an indication to the determined first group of wireless communication device radios to transmit beacons according to the selected transmit pattern. In one or more examples, the network entity can send the indication to the first group of wireless communication device radios via one or more network devices (e.g., such as network deviceof, which may be in the form of an access point) that can transmit the indication within an AP beacon (e.g., AP beaconof), such as within an AP_SYNC packet within the AP beacon.

After receiving the indication, the first group of wireless communication device radios may be configured according to the indication of the transmit pattern. The network entity (e.g., edge server) can also send an indication of the selected transmit pattern to the target device, which can use this information to listen at the correct time slots for the beacons from the first group of wireless communication device radios and receive the beacons. After receiving the beacons from the first group of wireless communication device radios, the target device can measure (e.g., measure signal strengths, such as RSSIs) the beacons. The target device may use these measurements to determine an estimated position for the target device. The target device may then send (e.g., report) the measurements (e.g., RSSI measurements) and/or the estimated position of the target device back to the network entity (e.g., edge server).

After receiving the measurements (e.g., RSSI measurements) and/or the estimated position, the network entity (e.g., edge server) may select a second group of wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios for transmitting beacons using a second transmit pattern. The second group of wireless communication device radios may contain a lesser number of wireless communication device radios than the first group of wireless communication device radios. The second group of wireless communication device radios may be selected by the network entity based on their proximity to the target device or based on a function of the signal strength (e.g., RSSIs) of the beacons from the wireless communication device radios. In one or more examples, the transmit pattern may be changed based on certain criteria, which will be discussed below. In one or more examples, the process for positioning of the target device can be repeated as described, where subsequent smaller groups of wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios may be selected by the network entity (e.g., edge server) for refining the positioning estimate of the target device.

In one or more aspects, as opposed to selecting (e.g., by a network entity, such as an edge server) an entire group wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios to transmit beacons, a transmit pattern may be imposed such that the number of beacon transmissions (e.g., by the wireless communication device radios) is reduced (e.g., thereby consequently reducing power consumption by the wireless communication devices) without degrading the positioning accuracy by much.

In one or more examples, a staggered pattern (e.g., transmit pattern) may be used for the wireless communication device radios. In some examples, the pattern for the wireless communication device radios may be staggered across both space and time.

In one or more examples, a network entity (e.g., edge server) may group wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios into clusters by spatial interleaving. The wireless communication device radios may be grouped into clusters to form a uniform spatial geometry of the wireless communication device radios (e.g., such that the wireless communication device radios may be uniformly spaced from one another) and to stagger the transmissions of the wireless communication device radios across time (e.g., such that different wireless communication device radios transmit at different times across time). As such, the clusters may be assigned certain respective time slots to transmit. In one or more examples, an additional duty cycle for transmissions (e.g., indicating how often transmissions will occur) may be assigned for each of the clusters. For instance, each of the clusters will skip a number of time slots for transmission based on the duty cycle. In one illustrative example, for a duty cycle of one-hundred (100) percent (%), there will be beacon transmissions by the clusters for all of the time slots (e.g., all 512 time slots). In another illustrative example, for a duty cycle of fifty (50) %, there will be beacon transmissions by the clusters for only half of the time slots (e.g., 512/2=256 time slots).

In one or more examples, two parameters, which may include cluster size and cluster duty cycle, may be used to describe the pattern (e.g., transmit pattern). In one illustrative example of a pattern over 512 time slots, a cluster may have a cluster size of 50 wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios and a duty cycle of 100%. A first cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers (e.g., ID numbers, or MAC addresses) that are odd numbered (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . 99) and will transmit over odd numbered time slots (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . 511). A second cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers that are even numbered (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . 100) and will transmit over even numbered time slots (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . 512).

In another illustrative example of a pattern over 512 time slots, a cluster may have a cluster size of 50 wireless communication device radios and a duty cycle of 50%. A first cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers that are odd numbered (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . 99) and will transmit over time slots 1, 5, 9, . . . 511. A second cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers that are even numbered (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . 100) and will transmit over time slots 2, 6, 10, . . . 512.

In another illustrative example of a pattern over 512 time slots, a cluster may have a cluster size of twenty (20) wireless communication device radios and a duty cycle of ten (10) %. A first cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers of 1, 6, 11, . . . 96, and will transmit over time slots 1, 51, 101, 151 . . . 501. A second cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers of 2, 7, 12, . . . 97, and will transmit over time slots 2, 52, 102, 152, . . . 502. A third cluster of wireless communication device radios may include wireless communication device radios with identifiers of 3, 8, 13, . . . 98, and will transmit over time slots 3, 53, 103, 153, . . . 503.

Battery life for a wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio within a cluster can be reduced by reducing a size of the cluster and/or a duty cycle. In one illustrative example, by reducing the cluster size from 100 to 4, the battery life of the wireless communication devices in the cluster can be extended by up to 40%. Similarly, by reducing the duty cycle from 100% to 25%, the battery life can be extended by up to 29% . . . .

In one or more aspects, when the impact to the battery life of a wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio is lower, naturally, the number of time slots during which the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio is operating is lower, which in turn can degrade the accuracy of a position estimate of a target device. As such, this approach involves a trade-off (e.g., between cluster size and duty cycle).

In order to achieve a balance between the two (e.g., cluster size and duty cycle), a time interval or periodicity may be imposed on switching between multiple patterns (e.g., communications patterns). In some examples, the patterns may change periodically to achieve better location accuracy at some times, and then prioritize power consumption at other times.

For example, a pattern A (e.g., with a cluster size of 50 and a duty cycle of 100%) is power intensive, but can achieve better location accuracy than less power intensive patterns. A pattern C (e.g., with a cluster size of 5 and a duty cycle of 10%) can conserve battery power of the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios, but the positioning accuracy will be degraded. As such, pattern C may be used for a continuous period of time (e.g., two minutes). After the two minutes has elapsed, pattern A may be used for another period of time (e.g., thirty seconds). After the thirty seconds has elapsed, pattern C may be used again. In one or more examples, multiple different patterns and/or periodicities may be used.

In one or more examples, a certain pattern (e.g., communications pattern) can be chosen in an on-demand manner, based on certain criteria. In one or more examples, the criteria may include a confidence in the location estimate. For example, if the target device reports a confidence metric that is below (or above) a confidence threshold (e.g., a threshold value of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, etc.), the network entity (e.g., edge server) may change the pattern to improve (or degrade) the position accuracy, as needed. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the criteria may include a time of day and/or an amount of foot traffic. For example, during certain times of the day, there may be a larger number of people within an environment (e.g., a retail store, warehouse, etc.) and, as such, a more power-intensive pattern may need to be used. Additionally or alternatively, in some cases, the criteria may include a use case and associated accuracy requirement. For example, for indoor navigation, a position estimate accuracy of at least one meter or lower can be desirable. Conversely, for asset tracking of low-value objects (e.g., products), a position estimate accuracy of five meters may be tolerable. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the criteria may include a wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio buffer capacity. For example, the number of target device (e.g., an ambient IOT device, such as an etag) RSSI reports that may be stored by a wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio (e.g., until the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio can report all of the data to the network device, such as an access point) is limited by the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radio buffer size. As such, only certain patterns may be able to meet this buffer size requirement.

In one or more aspects, for an example scenario for positioning a target device, the target device (e.g., such as an ambient IOT device, such as an energy harvesting etag) may be traveling (e.g., moving) along an aisle (e.g., within a retail store or warehouse) whose position is to be estimated using wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios as anchor nodes. For this example, the target device can transmit a beacon that is received and measured (e.g., RSSI measurement) by the wireless communication device radios. In one or more examples, the same methodology for selection and indication of a pattern as previously discussed (e.g., for the example scenario where the target device is a mobile device, such as a mobile phone) may be used for this example scenario (e.g., where the target device is an etag), except that the wireless communication device radios will follow the selected pattern for reception, not transmission. Receive patterns (e.g., communications patterns) can be important because it is not known when the ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) will transmit beacons and, as such, these receive patterns can allow for the network to randomly scan and detect transmissions from ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) to use for position estimation. In one or more examples, the receive pattern may be restricted to only uplink (UL) time slots (e.g., a total of 512 UL time slots in a cycle) that are reserved for ambient IOT device (e.g., etag) transmissions.

In one or more examples, in addition to the previously mentioned criteria for pattern selection, some additional metrics (e.g., additional criteria) may be utilized to select a certain pattern (e.g., receive pattern) in the case of UL-RSSI based ambient IOT device positioning. In one or more examples, the additional metrics may include the presence of UL interference. For example, the presence of interference can be inferred at the wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios (and energizing devices as well) when two ore more ambient IOT device (e.g., etag) transmissions appear to be garbled and of similar signal strength (e.g., RSSI). When the average rate of such collisions is seen to be above a certain collision threshold, a larger cluster size and/or a higher duty cycle may be selected to form the receive pattern. Forming the receive pattern based on a larger cluster size and/or a higher duty cycle will allow for more reception time slots during which interference may occur less frequently.

In some examples, the additional metrics may involve the use case and associated ambient IOT device (e.g., etag) ID. For example, an ambient IOT device (e.g., etag) ID may be mapped to its intended use case (e.g., item restocking or anti-theft tracking for valuable objects). For the use case of item restocking, only the final static location of the ambient IOT device (e.g., etag) may be desired and, as such, a highly power-conserving pattern may be used over extended periods of time to achieve the desired positioning. For the use case of anti-theft tracking for valuable objects, a more power-intensive pattern may be used by wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) radios located (e.g., installed) nearby the valuable objects.

In one or more aspects, for an example scenario for positioning a target device in the form of a mobile device (e.g., a smartphone associated with a user), the wireless communication device radios may transmit beacons that may be received by the target device (e.g., mobile phone). The vice versa occurs when the target device is in the form of an ambient IOT device (e.g., etag), where the wireless communication device radios instead receive beacons transmitted from the target device (e.g., etag).

In some cases, in an example scenario for positioning of target devices in the form of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) and ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) that are present within an aisle (e.g., of a retail store or warehouse), the wireless communication device radios can use two patterns, which include a transmit pattern and a receive pattern. In one or more examples, using two patterns may be power-intensive for the wireless communication device radios. As such, additional changes may be made to the patterns (e.g., transmit pattern and receive pattern) to conserve battery power for the wireless communication device radios. In one or more examples, when the ratio of the number of ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) to the number of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) within a certain region (e.g., an aisle or a 20-by-20 meter area) exceeds a number threshold value, the wireless communication device radios may use a more power-intensive receive pattern and a less power-intensive transmit pattern. Conversely, in some examples, when the ratio of the number of ambient IOT devices (e.g., etags) to the number of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) within a certain region (e.g., an aisle or a 20-by-20 meter area) does not exceed the number threshold value, the wireless communication device radios may use a less power-intensive receive pattern and a more power-intensive transmit pattern.

11 FIG. 1100 1100 1190 1100 1100 is a diagram illustrating an example of an architecture of a radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting device, in accordance with some examples. As will be described in greater depth below, the RF energy harvesting devicecan harvest RF energy from one or more RF signals received using an antenna. As used herein, the term “energy harvesting” may be used interchangeably with “power harvesting.” In some aspects, energy harvesting devicecan be implemented as an Internet-of-Things (IOT) device, can be implemented as a sensor, etc., as will be described in greater depth below. In other examples, energy harvesting devicecan be implemented as a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag or various other RFID devices.

1100 1190 1100 1190 1110 1190 1100 1100 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1100 1170 The energy harvesting deviceincludes one or more antennasthat can be used to transmit and receive one or more wireless signals. For example, energy harvesting devicecan use antenna(s)to receive one or more downlink signals and to transmit one or more uplink signals. An impedance matching componentcan be used to match the impedance of antenna(s)to the impedance of one or more (or all) of the receive components included in energy harvesting device. In some examples, the receive components of energy harvesting devicecan include a demodulator(e.g., for demodulating a received downlink signal), an energy harvester(e.g., for harvesting RF energy from the received downlink signal), a regulator, a micro-controller unit (MCU), a modulator(e.g., for generating an uplink signal). In some cases, the receive components of energy harvesting devicemay further include one or more sensors.

1100 1100 1100 The downlink signals can be received from one or more transmitters. For example, energy harvesting devicemay receive a downlink signal from a network node or network entity that is included in a same wireless network as the energy harvesting device. In some cases, the network entity can be a base station, gNB, etc., that communicates with the energy harvesting deviceusing a cellular communication network. For example, the cellular communication network can be implemented according to the 3G, 4G, 5G, and/or other cellular standard (e.g., including future standards such as 6G and beyond).

1100 1190 1100 In some cases, energy harvesting devicecan be implemented as a passive or semi-passive energy harvesting device (e.g., an ambient energy harvesting device), which can perform passive uplink communication by modulating and reflecting a downlink signal received via antenna(s). For example, passive and semi-passive energy harvesting devices may be unable to generate and transmit an uplink signal without first receiving a downlink signal that can be modulated and reflected. In other examples, energy harvesting devicemay be implemented as an active energy harvesting device, which utilizes a powered transceiver to perform active uplink communication. An active energy harvesting device is able to generate and transmit an uplink signal without first receiving a downlink signal (e.g., by using an on-device power source to energize its powered transceiver).

1185 1185 1185 1180 1180 1130 1100 1180 1180 1130 1185 1185 1180 1185 1180 An ambient energy harvesting device (e.g., active or semi-passive energy harvesting device) may include one or more energy storage elements(e.g., collectively referred to as an “energy reservoir”). For example, the one or more energy storage elementscan include batteries, capacitors, etc. In some examples, the one or more energy storage elementsmay be associated with a boost converter. The boost convertercan receive as input at least a portion of the energy harvested by energy harvester(e.g., with a remaining portion of the harvested energy being provided as instantaneous power for operating the energy harvesting device). In some aspects, the boost convertermay be a step-up converter that steps up voltage from its input to its output (e.g., and steps down current from its input to its output). In some examples, boost convertercan be used to step up the harvested energy generated by energy harvesterto a voltage level associated with charging the one or more energy storage elements. An ambient energy harvesting device (e.g., active or semi-passive energy harvesting device) may include one or more energy storage elementsand may include one or more boost converters. A quantity of energy storage elementsmay be the same as or different than a quantity of boost convertersincluded in an active or semi-passive energy harvesting device.

1185 1130 1185 1185 1185 1185 1185 A passive energy harvesting device does not include an energy storage elementor other on-device power source. For example, a passive energy harvesting device may be powered using only RF energy harvested from a downlink signal (e.g., using energy harvester). As mentioned previously, a semi-passive energy harvesting device can include one or more energy storage elementsand/or other on-device power sources. The energy storage elementof a semi-passive energy harvesting device can be used to augment or supplement the RF energy harvested from a downlink signal. In some cases, the energy storage elementof a semi-passive energy harvesting device may store insufficient energy to transmit an uplink communication without first receiving a downlink communication (e.g., minimum transmit power of the semi-passive device>capacity of the energy storage element). An active energy harvesting device can include one or more energy storage elementsand/or other on-device power sources that can power uplink communication without using supplemental harvested RF energy (e.g., minimum transmit power of the active device<capacity of the energy storage element). The energy storage element(s)included in an active energy harvesting device and/or a semi-passive energy harvesting device can be charged using harvested RF energy.

As mentioned above, ambient energy harvesting devices (e.g., passive and semi-passive energy harvesting devices) transmit uplink communications by performing backscatter modulation to modulate and reflect a received downlink signal. The received downlink signal is used to provide both electrical power (e.g., to perform demodulation, local processing, and modulation) and a carrier wave for uplink communication (e.g., the reflection of the downlink signal). For example, a portion of the downlink signal will be backscattered as an uplink signal and a remaining portion of the downlinks signal can be used to perform energy harvesting.

Active energy harvesting devices can transmit uplink communications without performing backscatter modulation and without receiving a corresponding downlink signal (e.g., an active energy harvesting device includes an energy storage element to provide electrical power and includes a powered transceiver to generate a carrier wave for an uplink communication). In the absence of a downlink signal, ambient energy harvesting devices (e.g., passive and semi-passive energy harvesting devices) may be unable to transmit an uplink signal (e.g., passive communication). Active energy harvesting devices do not depend on receiving a downlink signal in order to transmit an uplink signal and can transmit an uplink signal as desired (e.g., active communication).

1100 1190 1160 1160 1160 1170 1100 In examples in which the energy harvesting deviceis implemented as an ambient energy harvesting device (e.g., a passive or semi-passive energy harvesting device), a continuous carrier wave downlink signal may be received using antenna(s)and modulated (e.g., re-modulated) for uplink communication. In some cases, a modulatorcan be used to modulate the reflected (e.g., backscattered) portion of the downlink signal. For example, the continuous carrier wave may be a continuous sinusoidal wave (e.g., sine or cosine waveform) and modulatorcan perform modulation based on varying one or more of the amplitude and the phase of the backscattered reflection. Based on modulating the backscattered reflection, modulatorcan encode digital symbols (e.g., such as binary symbols or more complex systems of symbols) indicative of an uplink communication or data message. For example, the uplink communication may be indicative of sensor data or other information associated with the one or more sensorsincluded in energy harvesting device.

1110 1190 1100 1190 1190 1100 1160 As mentioned previously, impedance matching componentcan be used to match the impedance of antenna(s)to the receive components of energy harvesting devicewhen receiving the downlink signal (e.g., when receiving the continuous carrier wave). In some examples, during backscatter operation (e.g., when transmitting an uplink signal), modulation can be performed based on intentionally mismatching the antenna input impedance to cause a portion of the incident downlink signal to be scattered back. The phase and amplitude of the backscattered reflection may be determined based on the impedance loading on the antenna(s). Based on varying the antenna impedance (e.g., varying the impedance mismatch between antenna(s)and the remaining components of energy harvesting device), digital symbols and/or binary information can be encoded (e.g., modulated) onto the backscattered reflection. Varying the antenna impedance to modulate the phase and/or amplitude of the backscattered reflection can be performed using modulator.

11 FIG. 1190 1120 1150 1100 1190 1130 1130 1100 1130 1130 1130 As illustrated in, a portion of a downlink signal received using antenna(s)can be provided to a demodulator, which performs demodulation and provides a downlink communication (e.g., carried or modulated on the downlink signal) to a micro-controller unit (MCU)or other processor included in the energy harvesting device. A remaining portion of the downlink signal received using antenna(s)can be provided to energy harvester, which harvests RF energy from the downlink signal. For example, energy harvestercan harvest RF energy based on performing AC-to-DC (alternating current-to-direct current) conversion, wherein an AC current is generated from the sinusoidal carrier wave of the downlink signal and the converted DC current is used to power the energy harvesting device. In some aspects, energy harvestercan include one or more rectifiers for performing AC-to-DC conversion. A rectifier can include one or more diodes or thin-film transistors (TFTs). In one illustrative example, energy harvestercan include one or more Schottky diode-based rectifiers. In some cases, energy harvestercan include one or more TFT-based rectifiers.

1130 1130 1130 1130 1130 1130 1150 1140 1130 1140 1130 1150 1140 1140 1130 1150 1140 The output of the energy harvesteris a DC current generated from (e.g., harvested from) the portion of the downlink signal provided to the energy harvester. In some aspects, the DC current output of energy harvestermay vary with the input provided to the energy harvester. For example, an increase in the input current to energy harvestercan be associated with an increase in the output DC current generated by energy harvester. In some cases, MCUmay be associated with a narrow band of acceptable DC current values. Regulatorcan be used to remove or otherwise decrease variation(s) in the DC current generated as output by energy harvester. For example, regulatorcan remove or smooth spikes (e.g., increases) in the DC current output by energy harvester(e.g., such that the DC current provided as input to MCUby regulatorremains below a first threshold). In some cases, regulatorcan remove or otherwise compensate for drops or decreases in the DC current output by energy harvester(e.g., such that the DC current provided as input to MCUby regulatorremains above a second threshold).

1130 1140 1150 1100 1110 1120 1140 1150 1170 1160 1170 1160 1150 1150 1140 1150 1160 1170 In some aspects, the harvested DC current (e.g., generated by energy harvesterand regulated upward or downward as needed by regulator) can be used to power MCUand one or more additional components included in the energy harvesting device. For example, the harvested DC current can additionally be used to power one or more (or all) of the impedance matching component, demodulator, regulator, MCU, sensors, modulator, etc. For example, sensorsand modulatorcan receive at least a portion of the harvested DC current that remains after MCU(e.g., that is not consumed by MCU). In some cases, the harvested DC current output by regulatorcan be provided to MCU, modulator, and sensorsin series, in parallel, or a combination thereof.

1170 1100 1170 1170 1190 1170 1120 1160 1190 1160 1160 1170 1160 1150 1150 1170 In some examples, sensorscan be used to obtain sensor data (e.g., such as sensor data associated with an environment in which the energy harvesting deviceis located). Sensorscan include one or more sensors, which may be of a same or different type(s). In some aspects, one or more (or all) of the sensorscan be configured to obtain sensor data based on control information included in a downlink signal received using antenna(s). For example, one or more of the sensorscan be configured based on a downlink communication obtained based on demodulating a received downlink signal using demodulator. In one illustrative example, sensor data can be transmitted based on using modulatorto modulate (e.g., vary one or more of amplitude and/or phase of) a backscatter reflection of the continuous carrier wave received at antenna(s). Based on modulating the backscattered reflection, modulatorcan encode digital symbols (e.g., such as binary symbols or more complex systems of symbols) indicative of an uplink communication or data message. In some examples, modulatorcan generate an uplink, backscatter modulated signal based on receiving sensor data directly from sensors. In some examples, modulatorcan generate an uplink, backscatter modulated signal based on received sensor data from MCU(e.g., based on MCUreceiving sensor data directly from sensors).

12 FIG. 3 FIG. 13 FIG. 13 FIG. 1200 1200 340 1300 1200 1310 1200 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a processfor wireless communications. The processcan be performed by a network entity (e.g., the network entityof, a computing device or computing systemof, or other network entity) or by a component or system (e.g., a chipset, one or more processors central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics processing units (GPUs), any combination thereof, and/or other type of processor(s), or other component or system) of the network entity. The network entity can be a management entity (ME), an access point, a server (e.g., an edge server), a base station, or other type of network entity. The operations of the processmay be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., processorof, or other processor(s)). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the network entity in the processmay be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas and/or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceiver(s)).

1210 At block, the network entity (or component thereof) can determine a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios (e.g., ESL radios or other types of wireless communication device radios) for positioning a target device (e.g., a mobile device such as a phone, a smart watch, a tablet, an extended reality (XR) device, etc., an ambient IOT device such as an energy harvesting electronic tag, or other device). In some aspects, the network entity (or component thereof) can determine the group of wireless communication device radios of the plurality of wireless communication device radios based on a known area including the target device (e.g., a known coarse location of the target device). In one illustrative example, as described herein, the network entity can use the known area (e.g., the known coarse location) for the target device to select a smaller group of wireless communication device radios that are located in the vicinity of the target device (e.g., located in or with a certain distance of the known coarse location of the target device) to be included in the group of wireless communication device radios.

1220 At block, the network entity (or component thereof) can determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios. In some aspects, the communications pattern is a receive pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to receive from the target device (e.g., when the target device is an ambient IOT device). In some cases, the communications pattern is a transmit pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to transmit to the target device (e.g., when the target device is a mobile device).

The criteria can include, for example, a confidence in a location estimate of the target device (e.g., if the target device reports a confidence metric below a confidence threshold, the network entity can change the communications pattern to improve the position accuracy), a time of day (e.g., there may be a larger number of people within an environment during certain times of the day, in which case the network entity can determine a more power-intensive communications pattern), foot traffic for an area including the target device, an accuracy requirement associated with a use case for the target device (e.g., the network entity can determine a communications pattern that can be used to provide a position estimate accuracy of at least one meter or lower for indoor navigation, a communications pattern that can be used to provide a position estimate accuracy of five meters for asset tracking of low-value objects, etc.), a buffer capacity (e.g., size requirement) for each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios (e.g., where certain communications patterns may be able to meet the buffer capacity or size requirement), presence of uplink interference, a use case associated with an identifier of the target device, any combination thereof, and/or other criteria.

1230 At block, the network entity (or component thereof) can transmit (or output for transmission), to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

In some aspects, the network entity (or component thereof) can group wireless communication device radios within the group of wireless communication device radios into a plurality of clusters. In some cases, the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters have a uniform spatial geometry. For example, as described herein, the network entity (or component thereof) can group the wireless communication device radios into clusters to form a uniform spatial geometry of the wireless communication device radios (e.g., such that the wireless communication device radios are uniformly spaced from one another) and to stagger the transmissions of the wireless communication device radios across time (e.g., such that different wireless communication device radios transmit at different times across time). The clusters may thus be assigned certain respective time slots for which wireless communication device radios in the cluster can transmit. In some cases, an additional duty cycle for transmissions (e.g., indicating how often transmissions will occur) may be assigned for each of the clusters. In some aspects, the communications pattern includes staggered transmissions across time for the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters. In some cases, the techniques described herein relate to a network entity, wherein the communications pattern includes staggered transmissions across time for wireless communication device radios across different clusters of the plurality of clusters.

1200 In some cases, the computing device (e.g., the network entity) of the processmay include various components, such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and/or other component(s) that are configured to carry out the steps of processes described herein. In some examples, the computing device may include a display, one or more network interfaces configured to communicate and/or receive the data, any combination thereof, and/or other component(s). The one or more network interfaces may be configured to communicate and/or receive wired and/or wireless data, including data according to the 3G, 4G, 5G, and/or other cellular standard, data according to the Wi-Fi (802.11x) standards, data according to the Bluetooth™ standard, data according to the Internet Protocol (IP) standard, and/or other types of data.

1200 The components of the computing device of the processcan be implemented in circuitry. For example, the components can include and/or can be implemented using electronic circuits or other electronic hardware, which can include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), central processing units (CPUs), and/or other suitable electronic circuits), and/or can include and/or be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the various operations described herein. The computing device may further include a display (as an example of the output device or in addition to the output device), a network interface configured to communicate and/or receive the data, any combination thereof, and/or other component(s). The network interface may be configured to communicate and/or receive Internet Protocol (IP) based data or other type of data.

1200 The processis illustrated as a logical flow diagram, the operations of which represent a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In the context of computer instructions, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations can be combined in any order and/or in parallel to implement the processes.

1200 Additionally, the processmay be performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and may be implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware, or combinations thereof. As noted above, the code may be stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium may be non-transitory.

13 FIG. 13 FIG. 1300 1300 1305 1305 1310 1305 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system, which may be used for wireless communication device (e.g., ESL) transmit and receive patterns for energy-efficient positioning. In particular,illustrates an example of computing system, which can be for example any computing device making up internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any component thereof in which the components of the system are in communication with each other using connection. Connectioncan be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor, such as in a chipset architecture. Connectioncan also be a virtual connection, networked connection, or logical connection.

1300 In some aspects, computing systemis a distributed system in which the functions described in this disclosure can be distributed within a datacenter, multiple data centers, a peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represents many such components each performing some or all of the function for which the component is described. In some aspects, the components can be physical or virtual devices.

1300 1310 1305 1315 1320 1325 1310 1300 1312 1310 Example systemincludes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor)and connectionthat communicatively couples various system components including system memory, such as read-only memory (ROM)and random access memory (RAM)to processor. Computing systemcan include a cacheof high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor.

1310 1332 1334 1336 1330 1310 1310 Processorcan include any general purpose processor and a hardware service or software service, such as services,, andstored in storage device, configured to control processoras well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processormay essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.

1300 1345 1300 1335 1300 To enable user interaction, computing systemincludes an input device, which can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech, etc. Computing systemcan also include output device, which can be one or more of a number of output mechanisms. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input/output to communicate with computing system.

1300 1340 Computing systemcan include communications interface, which can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receipt and/or transmission wired or wireless communications using wired and/or wireless transceivers, including those making use of an audio jack/plug, a microphone jack/plug, a universal serial bus (USB) port/plug, an Apple™ Lightning™ port/plug, an Ethernet port/plug, a fiber optic port/plug, a proprietary wired port/plug, 3G, 4G, 5G and/or other cellular data network wireless signal transfer, a Bluetooth™ wireless signal transfer, a Bluetooth™ low energy (BLE) wireless signal transfer, an IBEACON™ wireless signal transfer, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transfer, near-field communications (NFC) wireless signal transfer, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transfer, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transfer, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transfer, Visible Light Communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transfer, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signal transfer, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signal transfer, ad-hoc network signal transfer, radio wave signal transfer, microwave signal transfer, infrared signal transfer, visible light signal transfer, ultraviolet light signal transfer, wireless signal transfer along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof.

1340 1310 1310 1340 1300 The communications interfacemay also include one or more range sensors (e.g., LiDAR sensors, laser range finders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to processor, whereby processorcan be configured to perform determinations and calculations needed to obtain various measurements for the one or more range sensors. In some examples, the measurements can include time of flight, wavelengths, azimuth angle, elevation angle, range, linear velocity and/or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communications interfacemay also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers that are used to determine a location of the computing systembased on receipt of one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the US-based GPS, the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

1330 Storage devicecan be a non-volatile and/or non-transitory and/or computer-readable memory device and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, a magnetic strip/stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a rewritable compact disc (CD) optical disc, digital video disk (DVD) optical disc, a blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a Memory Stick® card, a smartcard chip, a EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini/micro/nano/pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip/card, random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash EPROM (FLASHEPROM), cache memory (e.g., Level 1 (L1) cache, Level 2 (L2) cache, Level 3 (L3) cache, Level 4 (L4) cache, Level 5 (L5) cache, or other (L #) cache), resistive random-access memory (RRAM/ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cartridge, and/or a combination thereof.

1330 1310 1310 1305 1335 The storage devicecan include software services, servers, services, etc., that when the code that defines such software is executed by the processor, it causes the system to perform a function. In some aspects, a hardware service that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor, connection, output device, etc., to carry out the function. The term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A computer-readable medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and/or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, memory or memory devices. A computer-readable medium may have stored thereon code and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, or the like.

Specific details are provided in the description above to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples provided herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, while illustrative aspects of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. Various features and aspects of the above-described application may be used individually or jointly. Further, aspects can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate aspects, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described.

For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. Additional components may be used other than those shown in the figures and/or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the aspects in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the aspects.

Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

Individual aspects may be described above as a process or method which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.

Processes and methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer-readable media. Such instructions can include, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and/or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on.

In some aspects the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bitstream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, in some cases depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.

The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functions described in the disclosure.

The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods, algorithms, and/or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and/or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein.

One of ordinary skill will appreciate that the less than (“<”) and greater than (“>”) symbols or terminology used herein can be replaced with less than or equal to (“≤”) and greater than or equal to (“≥”) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this description.

Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.

The phrase “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” refers to any component that is physically connected to another component either directly or indirectly, and/or any component that is in communication with another component (e.g., connected to the other component over a wired or wireless connection, and/or other suitable communication interface) either directly or indirectly.

Claim language or other language reciting “at least one of” a set and/or “one or more” of a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, A and B and C, or any duplicate information or data (e.g., A and A, B and B, C and C, A and A and B, and so on), or any other ordering, duplication, or combination of A, B, and C. The language “at least one of” a set and/or “one or more” of a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B. The phrases “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably herein.

Claim language or other language reciting “at least one processor configured to,” “at least one processor being configured to,” “one or more processors configured to,” “one or more processors being configured to,” or the like indicates that one processor or multiple processors (in any combination) can perform the associated operation(s). For example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” means a single processor can be used to perform operations X, Y, and Z; or that multiple processors are each tasked with a certain subset of operations X, Y, and Z such that together the multiple processors perform X, Y, and Z; or that a group of multiple processors work together to perform operations X, Y, and Z. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” can mean that any single processor may only perform at least a subset of operations X, Y, and Z.

Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method), one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and/or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function). Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions.

Where reference is made to an entity (e.g., any entity or device described herein) performing functions or being configured to perform functions (e.g., steps of a method), the entity may be configured to cause one or more elements (individually or collectively) to perform the functions. The one or more components of the entity may include at least one memory, at least one processor, at least one communication interface, another component configured to perform one or more (or all) of the functions, and/or any combination thereof. Where reference to the entity performing functions, the entity may be configured to cause one component to perform all functions, or to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions. When the entity is configured to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those components (e.g., different functions may be performed by different components) and/or each function need not be performed in whole by only one component (e.g., different components may perform different sub-functions of a function).

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, engines, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, engines, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.

The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as engines, modules, or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and/or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated software modules or hardware modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined video encoder-decoder (CODEC).

Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:

Aspect 1. A network entity for wireless communications, the network entity comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: determine a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; determine, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and output, for transmission to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

Aspect 2. The network entity of Aspect 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the group of wireless communication device radios of the plurality of wireless communication device radios based on a known area comprising the target device.

Aspect 3. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 or 2, wherein the criteria comprises at least one of confidence in a location estimate of the target device, a time of day, foot traffic for an area comprising the target device, an accuracy requirement associated with a use case for the target device, a buffer capacity for each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios, presence of uplink interference, or a use case associated with an identifier of the target device.

Aspect 4. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the target device is an ambient IOT device or a mobile device.

Aspect 5. The network entity of Aspect 4, wherein the ambient IOT device is an energy harvesting electronic tag.

Aspect 6. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the communications pattern is a receive pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to receive from the target device.

Aspect 7. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the communications pattern is a transmit pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to transmit to the target device.

Aspect 8. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to group wireless communication device radios within the group of wireless communication device radios into a plurality of clusters.

Aspect 9. The network entity of Aspect 8, wherein the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters have a uniform spatial geometry.

Aspect 10. The network entity of any of Aspects 8 or 9, wherein the communications pattern comprises staggered transmissions across time for the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters.

Aspect 11. The network entity of any of Aspects 8 to 10, wherein the communications pattern comprises staggered transmissions across time for wireless communication device radios across different clusters of the plurality of clusters.

Aspect 12. The network entity of Aspect 4, wherein the mobile device is a phone, a smart watch, or a tablet.

Aspect 13. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the network entity is a management entity.

Aspect 14. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios is an electronic shelf label radio.

Aspect 15. A method for wireless communications at a network entity, the method comprising: determining a group of wireless communication device radios of a plurality of wireless communication device radios for positioning a target device; determining, based on criteria, a communications pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios; and transmitting, to the group of wireless communication device radios, an indication of the communications pattern to use for communications with the target device for positioning the target device.

Aspect 16. The method of Aspect 15, wherein determining the group of wireless communication device radios of the plurality of wireless communication device radios is based on a known area comprising the target device.

Aspect 17. The method of any of Aspects 15 or 16, wherein the criteria comprises at least one of confidence in a location estimate of the target device, a time of day, foot traffic for an area comprising the target device, an accuracy requirement associated with a use case for the target device, a buffer capacity for each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios, presence of uplink interference, or a use case associated with an identifier of the target device.

Aspect 18. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 17, wherein the target device is an ambient IOT device or a mobile device.

Aspect 19. The method of Aspect 18, wherein the ambient IOT device is an energy harvesting electronic tag.

Aspect 20. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 19, wherein the communications pattern is a receive pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to receive from the target device.

Aspect 21. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 20, wherein the communications pattern is a transmit pattern for the group of wireless communication device radios to transmit to the target device.

Aspect 22. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 21, further comprising grouping wireless communication device radios within the group of wireless communication device radios into a plurality of clusters.

Aspect 23. The method of Aspect 22, wherein the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters have a uniform spatial geometry.

Aspect 24. The method of any of Aspects 22 or 23, wherein the communications pattern comprises staggered transmissions across time for the wireless communication device radios within each cluster of the plurality of clusters.

Aspect 25. The method of any of Aspects 22 to 24, wherein the communications pattern comprises staggered transmissions across time for wireless communication device radios across different clusters of the plurality of clusters.

Aspect 26. The method of Aspect 18, wherein the mobile device is a phone, a smart watch, or a tablet.

Aspect 27. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 26, wherein the network entity is a management entity.

Aspect 28. The method of any of Aspects 15 to 27, wherein each wireless communication device radio of the plurality of wireless communication device radios is an electronic shelf label radio.

Aspect 29. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations according to any of Aspects 15 to 28.

Aspect 20. An apparatus for wireless communications, the apparatus including one or more means for performing operations according to any of Aspects 15 to 28.

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.”