Increased Uplink Power for Radio Frequency Communication

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.

Aspects of this disclosure relate to cellular communication systems, and in particular, to systems and methods for high power uplink transmission for frequency division duplex (FDD) communication systems. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure of the energy absorbed per unit mass by a human body when exposed to a radio frequency RF) electromagnetic field. It can be defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue in watts per kilogram (W/kg). Cellular user equipment (UE) must measure below Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) regulatory limits, and therefore transmit below a maximum average power in the uplink (UL) between the UE and a base station. For instance, FDD systems which transmit and receive continuously, transmit with a maximum average power below a threshold such that the total radiated power (TRP) complies with relevant SAR limits.

The systems, methods and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

When communicating indoors, at the cell edge, or under other circumstances in which the link between the UE and base station are at risk of dropping, it is desirable to increase the power of the UL to prevent loss of communication with the base station. Since the power of the UL is limited by regulation, it is desirable to provide a more stable UL connection between the UE and base station without exceeding the regulatory SAR limits.

In one aspect, there is provided a mobile device comprising: an antenna configured to transmit radio frequency signals to a base station via an uplink and receive radio frequency signals from the base station via a downlink; and a front end system coupled to the antenna and configured to transmit and receive the radio frequency signals from the antenna, and duplex the radio frequency signals via frequency division duplexing, the front end system further configured to transmit data on the uplink at a first power level that is higher than a predetermined level and at a finite duty cycle.

The front end system can be further configured to continuously receive data on the downlink.

The predetermined level CAN BE a power limit that is equal to or less than a limit set by a communication standard under which the frequency division duplexing is implemented.

An average power level of the radio frequency signals transmitted on the uplink via frequency division duplexing can be less than the predetermined level.

The front end system can include a power amplifier configured to amplify the radio frequency signals provided to the antenna, a low noise amplifier configured to receive the radio frequency signals received from the base station, and a duplexer coupling the power amplifier and the low noise amplifier to the antenna.

The duplexer can be configured to handle additional transmit power received from the power amplifier and increase isolation between the power amplifier and the low noise amplifier to suppress leakage from the power amplifier into the low noise amplifier.

The front end system can be further configured to increase a data rate of the radio frequency signals transmitted via the uplink by increasing the order of modulation of the radio frequency signals.

The front end system can be further configured to transmit the data on the uplink at the first power level in response to determining that transmitting the data on the uplink at a second power level that is less than the predetermined level would result in either data rate or call drops.

In another aspect, there is provided a front end system comprising: a power amplifier configured to amplify a transmit radio frequency signal; a low noise amplifier configured to receive a receive radio frequency signal; and an antenna switch module configured to selectively connect the power amplifier and the low noise amplifier to an antenna, the front end system configured to duplex the transmit and receive radio frequency signals via frequency division duplexing and transmit data on an uplink to a base station at a first power level that is higher than a predetermined level and at a finite duty cycle.

The front end system can be further configured to continuously receive data on a downlink with the base station.

The predetermined level can be a power limit that is equal to or less than a limit set by a communication standard under which the frequency division duplexing is implemented.

An average power level of the radio frequency signals transmitted on the uplink via frequency division duplexing can be less than the predetermined level.

The front end system can further comprise a duplexer coupling the power amplifier and the low noise amplifier to the antenna via the antenna switch module.

The duplexer can be configured to handle additional transmit power received from the power amplifier and increase isolation between the power amplifier and the low noise amplifier to suppress leakage from the power amplifier into the low noise amplifier.

The front end system can be further configured to increase a data rate of the radio frequency signals transmitted via the uplink by increasing the order of modulation of the radio frequency signals.

The front end system can be further configured to transmit the data on the uplink at the first power level in response to determining that transmitting the data on the uplink at a second power level that is less than the predetermined level would result in either data rate or call drops.

In yet another aspect, there is provided a method comprising: determining to communicate with a base station using high power frequency division duplexing; and transmitting a radio frequency signal to the base station via an uplink at a first power level that is higher than a predetermined level and at a finite duty cycle.

The method can further comprise continuously receiving data on a downlink to the base station.

The predetermined level can be a power limit that is equal to or less than a limit set by a communication standard under which the frequency division duplexing is implemented.

An average power level of the radio frequency signals transmitted on the uplink via frequency division duplexing can be less than the predetermined level.

The following detailed description of certain embodiments presents various descriptions of specific embodiments. However, the innovations described herein can be embodied in a multitude of different ways, for example, as defined and covered by the claims. In this description, reference is made to the drawings where like reference numerals can indicate identical or functionally similar elements. It will be understood that elements illustrated in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Moreover, it will be understood that certain embodiments can include more elements than illustrated in a drawing and/or a subset of the elements illustrated in a drawing. Further, some embodiments can incorporate any suitable combination of features from two or more drawings.

Traditional cellular user equipment (UE) are limited by Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) based on average power in the uplink (UL) between the UE and a base station. FDD systems can be configured to transmit and receive continuously on different frequency bands. On the other hand, TDD can be configured to transmit and receive in different time slots using an ON/OFF duty cycle at coordinated times, such that users within a cell can transmit and receive on the same channel while avoiding interference issues. High Power UE (HPUE) is an LTE and NR feature in TDD bands that enables higher power UL (PC2) transmission (+3 dB more power vs. FDD, PC3) but restricts the duty cycle <40% to 50% so average power is still equal to or less than transmit power in PC3 FDD operation.

Aspects of this disclosure relate to scheduling duty cycled transmission in FDD UL (e.g., by slot within a frame) instead of continuously transmitting, leading to higher instantaneous power transmission in burst while maintaining lower average power within SAR limits, thereby achieving significantly expanded coverage in use for FDD systems.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for global issues concerning information and communication technologies, including the shared global use of radio spectrum.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications standard bodies across the world, such as the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB), the Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), the China Communications Standards Association (CCSA), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), the Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and the Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI).

Working within the scope of the ITU, 3GPP develops and maintains technical specifications for a variety of mobile communication technologies, including, for example, second generation (2G) technology (for instance, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)), third generation (3G) technology (for instance, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)), and fourth generation (4G) technology (for instance, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced).

The technical specifications controlled by 3GPP can be expanded and revised by specification releases, which can span multiple years and specify a breadth of new features and evolutions.

14 In one example, 3GPP introduced carrier aggregation (CA) for LTE in Release 10. Although initially introduced with two downlink carriers, 3GPP expanded carrier aggregation in Releaseto include up to five downlink carriers and up to three uplink carriers. Other examples of new features and evolutions provided by 3GPP releases include, but are not limited to, License Assisted Access (LAA), enhanced LAA (eLAA), Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IOT), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), and High Power User Equipment (HPUE).

3GPP introduced Phase 1 of fifth generation (5G) technology in Release 15,and completed Phase 2 of 5G technology in Release 16 in 2020. Subsequent 3GPP releases will further evolve and expand 5G technology. 5G technology is also referred to herein as 5G New Radio (NR).

5G NR supports or plans to support a variety of features, such as communications over millimeter wave spectrum, beamforming capability, high spectral efficiency waveforms, low latency communications, multiple radio numerology, and/or non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Although such RF functionalities offer flexibility to networks and enhance user data rates, supporting such features can pose a number of technical challenges.

The teachings herein are applicable to a wide variety of communication systems, including, but not limited to, communication systems using advanced cellular technologies, such as LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, and/or 5G NR and beyond.

1 FIG. 10 10 1 2 3 4 is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication network. The communication networkincludes a macro cell base station, a mobile device, a small cell base station, and a stationary wireless device.

10 10 1 FIG. The illustrated communication networkofsupports communications using a variety of technologies, including, for example, 4G LTE, 5G NR, and wireless local area network (WLAN), such as WiFi. Although various examples of supported communication technologies are shown, the communication networkcan be adapted to support a wide variety of communication technologies.

10 1 FIG. Various communication links of the communication networkhave been depicted in. The communication links can be duplexed in a wide variety of ways, including, for example, using frequency-division duplexing (FDD) and/or time-division duplexing (TDD). FDD is a type of radio frequency communications that uses different frequencies for transmitting and receiving signals. FDD can provide a number of advantages, such as high data rates and low latency. In contrast, TDD is a type of radio frequency communications that uses about the same frequency for transmitting and receiving signals, and in which transmit and receive communications are switched in time. TDD can provide a number of advantages, such as efficient and flexible use of spectrum between transmit and receive that is adjustable by coordinated time slots, associated variable allocation of throughput between transmit and receive directions, enhanced MIMO benefits as the transmit and receive channels are the same, decreased DC consumption in transmit for a given link budget, etc.

1 FIG. 2 1 2 3 2 3 As shown in, the mobile devicecommunicates with the macro cell base stationover a communication link that uses a combination of 4G LTE and 5G NR technologies. The mobile devicealso communications with the small cell base station. In the illustrated example, the mobile deviceand small cell base stationcommunicate over a communication link that uses 5G NR, 4G LTE, and WiFi technologies. In certain implementations, enhanced license assisted access (eLAA) is used to aggregate one or more licensed frequency carriers (for instance, licensed 4G LTE and/or 5G NR frequencies), with one or more unlicensed carriers (for instance, unlicensed WiFi frequencies).

2 2 3 2 In certain implementations, the mobile devicecommunicates with the macro cell base stationand the small cell base stationusing 5G NR technology over one or more frequency bands that are less than 6 Gigahertz (GHz) and/or over one or more frequency bands that are greater than 6 GHz. For example, wireless communications can utilize Frequency Range 1 (FR1), Frequency Range 2 (FR2), or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mobile devicesupports a HPUE power class specification.

3 4 3 3 4 The illustrated small cell base stationalso communicates with a stationary wireless device. The small cell base stationcan be used, for example, to provide broadband service using 5G NR technology. In certain implementations, the small cell base stationcommunicates with the stationary wireless deviceover one or more millimeter wave frequency bands in the frequency range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and/or upper centimeter wave frequency bands in the frequency range of 24 GHz to 30 GHz.

3 4 In certain implementations, the small cell base stationcommunicates with the stationary wireless deviceusing beamforming. For example, beamforming can be used to focus signal strength to overcome path losses, such as high loss associated with communicating over millimeter wave frequencies.

10 1 3 3 1 3 1 FIG. The communication networkofincludes the macro cell base stationand the small cell base station. In certain implementations, the small cell base stationcan operate with relatively lower power, shorter range, and/or with fewer concurrent users relative to the macro cell base station. The small cell base stationcan also be referred to as a femtocell, a picocell, or a microcell.

10 10 1 FIG. Although the communication networkis illustrated as including two base stations, the communication networkcan be implemented to include more or fewer base stations and/or base stations of other types. As shown in, base stations can communicate with one another using wireless communications to provide a wireless backhaul. Additionally or alternatively, base stations can communicate with one another using wired and/or optical links.

10 2 4 10 10 1 FIG. The communication networkofis illustrated as including one mobile device and one stationary wireless device. The mobile deviceand the stationary wireless deviceillustrate two examples of user devices or user equipment (UE). Although the communication networkis illustrated as including two user devices, the communication networkcan be used to communicate with more or fewer user devices and/or user devices of other types. For example, user devices can include mobile phones, tablets, laptops, IoT devices, wearable electronics, and/or a wide variety of other communications devices.

10 User devices of the communication networkcan share available network resources (for instance, available frequency spectrum) in a wide variety of ways.

In one example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is used to divide a frequency band into multiple frequency carriers. Additionally, one or more carriers are allocated to a particular user. Examples of FDMA include, but are not limited to, single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) and orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA). OFDMA is a multicarrier technology that subdivides the available bandwidth into multiple mutually orthogonal narrowband subcarriers, which can be separately assigned to different users.

Other examples of shared access include, but are not limited to, time division multiple access (TDMA) in which a user is allocated particular time slots for using a frequency resource, code division multiple access (CDMA) in which a frequency resource is shared amongst different users by assigning each user device a unique code, space-divisional multiple access (SDMA) in which beamforming is used to provide shared access by spatial division, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in which the power domain is used for multiple access. For example, NOMA can be used to serve multiple user devices at the same frequency, time, and/or code, but with different power levels.

Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) refers to technology for growing system capacity of LTE networks. For example, eMBB can refer to communications with a peak data rate of at least 10 Gbps and a minimum of 100 Mbps for each user device. Ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC) refers to technology for communication with very low latency, for instance, less than 2 milliseconds. uRLLC can be used for mission-critical communications such as for autonomous driving and/or remote surgery applications. Massive machine-type communications (mMTC) refers to low cost and low data rate communications associated with wireless connections to everyday objects, such as those associated with Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

10 1 FIG. The communication networkofcan be used to support a wide variety of advanced communication features, including, but not limited to eMBB, uRLLC, and/or mMTC.

A peak data rate of a communication link (for instance, between a base station and a user device) depends on a variety of factors. For example, peak data rate can be affected by channel bandwidth, modulation order, a number of component carriers, and/or a number of antennas used for communications.

2 For instance, in certain implementations, a data rate of a communication link can be about equal to M*B*log(1+S/N), where M is the number of communication channels, B is the channel bandwidth, and S/N is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Accordingly, data rate of a communication link can be increased by increasing the number of communication channels (for instance, transmitting and receiving using multiple antennas), using wider bandwidth (for instance, by aggregating carriers), and/or improving SNR (for instance, by increasing transmit power and/or improving receiver sensitivity).

5G NR communication systems can employ a wide variety of techniques for enhancing data rate and/or communication performance.

2 FIG.A is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication link using carrier aggregation. Carrier aggregation can be used to widen bandwidth of the communication link by supporting communications over multiple frequency carriers, thereby increasing user data rates and enhancing network capacity by utilizing fragmented spectrum allocations.

21 22 21 22 22 21 2 FIG.A In the illustrated example, the communication link is provided between a base stationand a mobile device. As shown in, the communications link includes a downlink channel used for RF communications from the base stationto the mobile device, and an uplink channel used for RF communications from the mobile deviceto the base station.

2 FIG.A Althoughillustrates carrier aggregation in the context of FDD communications, carrier aggregation can also be used for TDD communications.

In certain implementations, a communication link can provide asymmetrical data rates for a downlink channel and an uplink channel. For example, a communication link can be used to support a relatively high downlink data rate to enable high speed streaming of multimedia content to a mobile device, while providing a relatively slower data rate for uploading data from the mobile device to the cloud.

21 22 In the illustrated example, the base stationand the mobile devicecommunicate via carrier aggregation, which can be used to selectively increase bandwidth of the communication link. Carrier aggregation includes contiguous aggregation, in which contiguous carriers within the same operating frequency band are aggregated. Carrier aggregation can also be non-contiguous, and can include carriers separated in frequency within a common band or in different bands.

2 FIG.A UL1 UL2 UL3 DL1 DL2 DL3 DL4 DL5 In the example shown in, the uplink channel includes three aggregated component carriers f, f, and f. Additionally, the downlink channel includes five aggregated component carriers f, f, f, f, and f. Although one example of component carrier aggregation is shown, more or fewer carriers can be aggregated for uplink and/or downlink. Moreover, a number of aggregated carriers can be varied over time to achieve desired uplink and downlink data rates.

For example, a number of aggregated carriers for uplink and/or downlink communications with respect to a particular mobile device can change over time. For example, the number of aggregated carriers can change as the device moves through the communication network and/or as network usage changes over time.

2 FIG.B 2 FIG.A 2 FIG.B 31 32 33 illustrates various examples of uplink carrier aggregation for the communication link of.includes a first carrier aggregation scenario, a second carrier aggregation scenario, and a third carrier aggregation scenario, which schematically depict three types of carrier aggregation.

31 33 UL1 UL2 UL3 2 FIG.B The carrier aggregation scenarios-illustrate different spectrum allocations for a first component carrier f, a second component carrier f, and a third component carrier f. Althoughis illustrated in the context of aggregating three component carriers, carrier aggregation can be used to aggregate more or fewer carriers. Moreover, although illustrated in the context of uplink, the aggregation scenarios are also applicable to downlink.

31 31 1 UL1 UL2 UL3 The first carrier aggregation scenarioillustrates intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation, in which component carriers that are adjacent in frequency and in a common frequency band are aggregated. For example, the first carrier aggregation scenariodepicts aggregation of component carriers f, f, and fthat are contiguous and located within a first frequency band BAND.

2 FIG.B 32 32 1 UL1 UL2 UL3 With continuing reference to, the second carrier aggregation scenarioillustrates intra-band non-continuous carrier aggregation, in which two or more components carriers that are non-adjacent in frequency and within a common frequency band are aggregated. For example, the second carrier aggregation scenariodepicts aggregation of component carriers f, f, and fthat are non-contiguous, but located within a first frequency band BAND.

33 33 1 2 UL1 UL2 UL3 The third carrier aggregation scenarioillustrates inter-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation, in which component carriers that are non-adjacent in frequency and in multiple frequency bands are aggregated. For example, the third carrier aggregation scenariodepicts aggregation of component carriers fand fof a first frequency band BANDwith component carrier fof a second frequency band BAND.

2 FIG.C 2 FIG.A 2 FIG.C 34 38 DL1 DL2 DL3 DL4 DL5 illustrates various examples of downlink carrier aggregation for the communication link of. The examples depict various carrier aggregation scenarios-for different spectrum allocations of a first component carrier f, a second component carrier f, a third component carrier f, a fourth component carrier f, and a fifth component carrier f. Althoughis illustrated in the context of aggregating five component carriers, carrier aggregation can be used to aggregate more or fewer carriers. Moreover, although illustrated in the context of downlink, the aggregation scenarios are also applicable to uplink.

34 35 36 37 38 The first carrier aggregation scenariodepicts aggregation of component carriers that are contiguous and located within the same frequency band. Additionally, the second carrier aggregation scenarioand the third carrier aggregation scenarioillustrates two examples of aggregation that are non-contiguous, but located within the same frequency band. Furthermore, the fourth carrier aggregation scenarioand the fifth carrier aggregation scenarioillustrates two examples of aggregation in which component carriers that are non-adjacent in frequency and in multiple frequency bands are aggregated. As a number of aggregated component carriers increases, a complexity of possible carrier aggregation scenarios also increases.

2 2 FIGS.A-C With reference to, the individual component carriers used in carrier aggregation can be of a variety of frequencies, including, for example, frequency carriers in the same band or in multiple bands. Additionally, carrier aggregation is applicable to implementations in which the individual component carriers are of about the same bandwidth as well as to implementations in which the individual component carriers have different bandwidths.

Certain communication networks allocate a particular user device with a primary component carrier (PCC) or anchor carrier for uplink and a PCC for downlink. Additionally, when the mobile device communicates using a single frequency carrier for uplink or downlink, the user device communicates using the PCC. To enhance bandwidth for uplink communications, the uplink PCC can be aggregated with one or more uplink secondary component carriers (SCCs). Additionally, to enhance bandwidth for downlink communications, the downlink PCC can be aggregated with one or more downlink SCCs.

In certain implementations, a communication network provides a network cell for each component carrier. Additionally, a primary cell can operate using a PCC, while a secondary cell can operate using a SCC. The primary and secondary cells may have different coverage areas, for instance, due to differences in frequencies of carriers and/or network environment.

License assisted access (LAA) refers to downlink carrier aggregation in which a licensed frequency carrier associated with a mobile operator is aggregated with a frequency carrier in unlicensed spectrum, such as WiFi. LAA employs a downlink PCC in the licensed spectrum that carries control and signaling information associated with the communication link, while unlicensed spectrum is aggregated for wider downlink bandwidth when available. LAA can operate with dynamic adjustment of secondary carriers to avoid WiFi users and/or to coexist with WiFi users. Enhanced license assisted access (eLAA) refers to an evolution of LAA that aggregates licensed and unlicensed spectrum for both downlink and uplink.

3 FIG.A 3 FIG.B is a schematic diagram of one example of a downlink channel using multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) communications.is schematic diagram of one example of an uplink channel using MIMO communications.

MIMO communications use multiple antennas for simultaneously communicating multiple data streams over common frequency spectrum. In certain implementations, the data streams operate with different reference signals to enhance data reception at the receiver. MIMO communications benefit from higher SNR, improved coding, and/or reduced signal interference due to spatial multiplexing differences of the radio environment.

MIMO order refers to a number of separate data streams sent or received. For instance, MIMO order for downlink communications can be described by a number of transmit antennas of a base station and a number of receive antennas for UE, such as a mobile device. For example, two-by-two (2×2) DL MIMO refers to MIMO downlink communications using two base station antennas and two UE antennas. Additionally, four-by-four (4×4) DL MIMO refers to MIMO downlink communications using four base station antennas and four UE antennas.

3 FIG.A 3 FIG.A 43 43 43 43 41 44 44 44 44 42 a b c m a b c n In the example shown in, downlink MIMO communications are provided by transmitting using M antennas,,, . . .of the base stationand receiving using N antennas,,, . . .of the mobile device. Accordingly,illustrates an example of m×n DL MIMO.

Likewise, MIMO order for uplink communications can be described by a number of transmit antennas of UE, such as a mobile device, and a number of receive antennas of a base station. For example, 2×2 UL MIMO refers to MIMO uplink communications using two UE antennas and two base station antennas. Additionally, 4×4 UL MIMO refers to MIMO uplink communications using four UE antennas and four base station antennas.

3 FIG.B 3 FIG.B 44 44 44 44 42 43 43 43 43 41 a b c n a b c m In the example shown in, uplink MIMO communications are provided by transmitting using N antennas,,, . . .of the mobile deviceand receiving using M antennas,,, . . .of the base station. Accordingly,illustrates an example of n×m UL MIMO.

By increasing the level or order of MIMO, bandwidth of an uplink channel and/or a downlink channel can be increased.

MIMO communications are applicable to communication links of a variety of types, such as FDD communication links and TDD communication links.

3 FIG.C 3 FIG.C 44 44 44 44 42 43 1 43 1 43 1 43 1 41 43 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 41 41 41 a b c n a b c m a a b c m b a b is schematic diagram of another example of an uplink channel using MIMO communications. In the example shown in, uplink MIMO communications are provided by transmitting using N antennas,,, . . .of the mobile device. Additionally, a first portion of the uplink transmissions are received using M antennas,,, . . .of a first base station, while a second portion of the uplink transmissions are received using M antennas,,, . . .of a second base station. Additionally, the first base stationand the second base stationcommunication with one another over wired, optical, and/or wireless links.

3 FIG.C The MIMO scenario ofillustrates an example in which multiple base stations cooperate to facilitate MIMO communications.

4 FIG. 800 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a mobile device. The mobile deviceincludes a baseband system, a transceiver, a front end system, antennas, a power management system, a memory, a user interface, and a battery.

800 The mobile devicecan be used communicate using a wide variety of communications technologies, including, but not limited to, 2G, 3G, 4G (including LTE, LTE-Advanced, and LTE-Advanced Pro), 5G NR, WLAN (for instance, WiFi), WPAN (for instance, Bluetooth and ZigBee), WMAN (for instance, WiMax), and/or GPS technologies.

802 804 802 4 FIG. The transceivergenerates RF signals for transmission and processes incoming RF signals received from the antennas. It will be understood that various functionalities associated with the transmission and receiving of RF signals can be achieved by one or more components that are collectively represented inas the transceiver. In one example, separate components (for instance, separate circuits or dies) can be provided for handling certain types of RF signals.

803 804 803 810 811 812 813 814 815 The front end systemaids in conditioning signals transmitted to and/or received from the antennas. In the illustrated embodiment, the front end systemincludes antenna tuning circuitry, power amplifiers (PAs), low noise amplifiers (LNAs), filters, switches, and signal splitting/combining circuitry. However, other implementations are possible.

803 For example, the front end systemcan provide a number of functionalities, including, but not limited to, amplifying signals for transmission, amplifying received signals, filtering signals, switching between different bands, switching between different power modes, switching between transmission and receiving modes, duplexing of signals, multiplexing of signals (for instance, diplexing or triplexing), or some combination thereof.

800 In certain implementations, the mobile devicesupports carrier aggregation, thereby providing flexibility to increase peak data rates. Carrier aggregation can be used for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD), and may be used to aggregate a plurality of carriers or channels. Carrier aggregation includes contiguous aggregation, in which contiguous carriers within the same operating frequency band are aggregated. Carrier aggregation can also be non-contiguous, and can include carriers separated in frequency within a common band or in different bands.

804 804 The antennascan include antennas used for a wide variety of types of communications. For example, the antennascan include antennas for transmitting and/or receiving signals associated with a wide variety of frequencies and communications standards.

804 In certain implementations, the antennassupport MIMO communications and/or switched diversity communications. For example, MIMO communications use multiple antennas for communicating multiple data streams over a single radio frequency channel. MIMO communications benefit from higher signal to noise ratio, improved coding, and/or reduced signal interference due to spatial multiplexing differences of the radio environment. Switched diversity refers to communications in which a particular antenna is selected for operation at a particular time. For example, a switch can be used to select a particular antenna from a group of antennas based on a variety of factors, such as an observed bit error rate and/or a signal strength indicator.

800 803 804 804 804 804 804 The mobile devicecan operate with beamforming in certain implementations. For example, the front end systemcan include amplifiers having controllable gain and phase shifters having controllable phase to provide beam formation and directivity for transmission and/or reception of signals using the antennas. For example, in the context of signal transmission, the amplitude and phases of the transmit signals provided to the antennasare controlled such that radiated signals from the antennascombine using constructive and destructive interference to generate an aggregate transmit signal exhibiting beam-like qualities with more signal strength propagating in a given direction. In the context of signal reception, the amplitude and phases are controlled such that more signal energy is received when the signal is arriving to the antennasfrom a particular direction. In certain implementations, the antennasinclude one or more arrays of antenna elements to enhance beamforming.

801 807 801 802 802 801 802 801 806 800 4 FIG. The baseband systemis coupled to the user interfaceto facilitate processing of various user input and output (I/O), such as voice and data. The baseband systemprovides the transceiverwith digital representations of transmit signals, which the transceiverprocesses to generate RF signals for transmission. The baseband systemalso processes digital representations of received signals provided by the transceiver. As shown in, the baseband systemis coupled to the memoryof facilitate operation of the mobile device.

806 800 The memorycan be used for a wide variety of purposes, such as storing data and/or instructions to facilitate the operation of the mobile deviceand/or to provide storage of user information.

805 800 805 811 805 811 The power management systemprovides a number of power management functions of the mobile device. In certain implementations, the power management systemincludes a PA supply control circuit that controls the supply voltages of the power amplifiers. For example, the power management systemcan be configured to change the supply voltage(s) provided to one or more of the power amplifiersto improve efficiency, such as power added efficiency (PAE).

4 FIG. 805 808 808 800 As shown in, the power management systemreceives a battery voltage from the battery. The batterycan be any suitable battery for use in the mobile device, including, for example, a lithium-ion battery.

Modern cellular communication networks are typically limited in coverage extent by two factors: capacity and the need to provide a target level of data rate and service to a large number of people in a dense area, and/or coverage range which is typically limited by uplink (UL) power from battery powered mobile handsets or wearable devices.

The capacity issue can be addressed in certain environments via the establishment of smaller cells and densification of the network. Coexistence interference issues can become more prevalent in such radio environments, and thus higher uplink power may not necessarily be favored depending on how the uplink power is scheduled to overcome coexistence challenges.

The UL-limited coverage issue largely the result of an asymmetry in the power between the transmitter from base station and mobile handset. Downlink (DL) power from the base station is typically in the range of 40 W from high performance antennas and typically less than 1/4 W from the mobile device. The receivers for both the base station and mobile handset are much closer to one another, both close to the theoretical physical noise limits.

Operation at the cell edge (e.g., when the user is substantially equally distant from multiple base stations) requires the highest power levels and typically reduces the modulation allocation and backs off the order of modulation to narrower bandwidths and simple QPSK in order to preserve the signal-to-noise ratio of the UL modulation, LTE being made up of individual resource blocks (RBs). The DL can operate without changes in allocation as the transmission of the entire channel and multiple channels for the DL is typically operated at maximum power from the base station. The UL must work hard and make these trade-offs to preserve UL SNR and maintain the link back to the eNodeB(LTE) or gNodeB(NR).

Additionally, because cellphones are presently used approximately 75% of the time indoors where building penetration (especially at higher frequencies) becomes a significant challenge, cellphones may be effectively operating at the cell edge (e.g., where the link SNR degrades to a point where the link and service is at risk of being dropped, similar to the risks associated at the cell edge).

The call drop statistics and buffering indicated during low data rate periods are perhaps one of the most critical user experience statistics driving customer churn and dissatisfaction and drive much of the consumer perception of the carrier services. In continuous transmission of Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD), UL power is limited by regulatory safety limits of average power-termed Specific Absorbed Radiation (SAR) as indicators of safe amounts of electromagnetic energy absorbed in human tissue. It is not possible to increase the maximum FDD UL power because of this limit, and the Total Radiated Power (TRP) is made as high as possible to meet carrier requirements, while still meeting the regulatory maximum average power based on SAR.

Aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods which can provide improved UL power transmission for FDD communication without exceeding the SAR regulatory limit.

5 FIG. 4 FIG. 5 FIG. 803 800 803 804 811 812 813 814 816 817 803 is a simplified schematic diagram of one embodiment of a radio front end systemwhich can be implemented in the mobile deviceillustrated inin accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment, the front end systemis connected to an antennaand includes a power amplifier (PA), a low noise amplifier (LNA), a plurality of filters, a plurality of switches, an antenna switch module (ASM), and a duplexer. Whileillustrates one embodiment of a front end modelthat can be used to communicate using FDD, other implementations are possible.

6 FIG.A 6 FIG.A 6 FIG.A 100 102 104 102 104 102 104 107 103 105 106 is a graph illustrating an implementation of FDD communicationin the frequency domain in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular,illustrates the operation of an UL channeland the operation of a DL channelwith respect to frequency. As shown in, when communicating using FDD, the UL channelmay be confined to a first frequency range while the DL channelis confined to a second frequency range. The UL channeland the DL channelmay be spaced apart by a “Duplex Spacing”, and the allowed frequency passband range of the UL channelsis separated by the allowed frequency passband range of the DL channelsby a “Duplex Gap” frequency separation,.

100 102 104 6 FIG.A FDD communicationsuch as the implementation illustrated inis a type of radio frequency communications that uses different frequencies (e.g., the frequencies for the UL channeland the frequencies for the DL channel) for transmitting and receiving signals. FDD can provide a number of advantages, such as high data rates and low latency.

6 FIG.B 6 FIG.B 6 FIG.B 110 112 114 112 114 112 114 112 114 is a graph illustrating an implementation of TDD communicationin the frequency domain in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular,illustrates the operation of an UL channeland the operation of a DL channelwith respect to frequency, at different time periods (UL and DL are non-concurrent in TDD operation). As shown in, when communicating using TDD, the UL channeland the DL channelmay occupy the same frequency channel. Instead of being separated by frequency, the UL and DL channelsandare instead separated in time (not illustrated) to avoid interference between the UL and DL channelsand.

6 FIG.B 110 112 114 As shown in, TDD communicationis a type of radio frequency communications that uses about the same frequency (e.g., the frequencies for the UL and DL channelsand) for transmitting and receiving signals, and in which transmit and receive communications are switched in time. TDD can provide a number of advantages, such as efficient and flexible use of spectrum between transmit and receive that is adjustable by coordinated time slots, associated variable allocation of throughput between transmit and receive directions, enhanced MIMO benefits as the transmit and receive channels are the same, decreased DC consumption in transmit for a given link budget, etc.

7 FIG.A 7 FIG.A 7 FIG.A 200 200 202 204 202 204 206 200 202 202 202 is a graph illustrating an implementation of FDD communicationin the time domain in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, in the illustrated FDD communication, the power of an ULand the power of a DLare shown with respect to time. As shown in, the ULand the DLoverlap in time and are substantially continuous in time. Also shown inis a power limit, which may be less than or equal to a limit set by the communication standard under which the FDD communicationis implemented. For example, the power class 3 (PC3) standard may set a limit for ULpower at +23 dBm+/−2 dB for FDD continuous ULtransmission, and thus, in some implementations, the power limit may be set at +24 dBm to ensure the ULpower remains below the +25 dBm=+23 dBm+2 dB maximum set by the PC3 standard.

7 FIG.B 7 FIG.B 7 FIG.B 7 FIG.A 210 210 212 214 212 214 206 202 200 is a graph illustrating an implementation of TDD communicationin the time domain in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, in the illustrated TDD communication, the power of an ULand the power of a DLare shown with respect to time. As shown in, the ULand the DLare instead separated in time to reduce or prevent interference. Also shown inis the power limit, which may be the same as the power limit for the ULfor the FDD communicationof.

7 FIG.B 210 206 210 212 212 212 Theimplementation of TDD communicationcan address the UL-limited power issues from the mobile device by increasing the power of transmission above the power limitfor a finite duty cycle. In some embodiments, the TDD communicationcan be split into a plurality of frames, each frame having a plurality of slots. Depending on the frame configuration and how many of the time slots are dedicated to the ULfor each frame, the ULpower can be averaged over a number of idle slots within the frame in addition to the slots used by the UE for ULtransmission.

206 212 212 212 212 212 212 210 7 FIG.B 7 FIG.B In one example, if the powerlimit for ULpower is Pmax for FDD continuous ULtransmission, then for a comparable TDD system such at the implementation ofthat transmits in bursts with a duty cycle, D, the average power may be calculated as Pmax*D. By averaging the power of the ULover the entire frame, the in-burst ULpower can be significantly increased as long as the duty cycle allows the average power to remain low and within SAR limits. HPUE requirements have been established in the 3GPP LTE-A standard to allow a new power class (PC2) to transmit +26 dBm in ULbased on the limitation that the duty cycle not exceed 40%. This standard ensures that the average power does not exceed roughly +22 dBm and is below the FDD established acceptable limits (e.g., SAR limits), while able to transmit twice the in-burst power, and thereby extend the range more than 25% from the tower, etc. While the implementation ofcan increase the transmission power for the ULfor TDD communication, aspects of this disclosure also relate to expanding this increased power to FDD systems.

8 FIG. 8 FIG. 8 FIG. 7 7 FIGS.A andB 300 302 300 302 304 302 306 300 306 206 is a graph illustrating an implementation of FDD communicationhaving increased ULpower in the time domain in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, in the illustrated FDD communication, the power of an ULand the power of a DLare shown with respect to time. As shown in the implementation of, the ULhas a finite duty cycle while the DL is substantially continuous in time. Also shown inis an average power limit, which may be less than or equal to a limit set by the communication standard under which the FDD communicationis implemented. In some implementations, the power limitmay be the same as the power limitfrom the implementations of.

8 FIG. 7 FIG.A 302 300 302 302 306 302 302 302 306 As shown in, the ULpower can be duty cycled in the FDD transmit bandsuch that the instantaneous or “in-burst” power of the ULcan be increased compared to the continuous transmission implementation shown in. The average power of the ULcan be maintained below the power limitby maintaining a finite duty cycle while also enabling much larger in-burst ULpower. Averaging the ULpower across the idle frame time enables the average ULpower to be maintained below the power limit.

302 302 302 212 210 302 304 In order to provide the ULhaving a finite duty cycle, the base station scheduler may be managed across all the FDD ULchannels operated with a finite duty cycle. The timing of the ULchannels is already controlled at the base station and the implementation of timing-advance can be managed in a manner similar to the implementation for the ULof TDD communications. The use of a finite duty cycle may in the ULmay reduce the data rate naturally, however, this reduction is acceptable in many situations because of the asymmetry in the network traffic that is driving more than 90% DLdata rate, mostly due to video downloads, etc.

212 302 300 803 817 302 817 811 5 FIG. High power finite duty cycle TDD systems have shown that the higher SNR provided by the HPUE in-burst ULpower can actually increase the data rate in-burst through support of higher order modulation, etc. such that the negative impact on data rate is limited, and in some cases eliminated entirely. In order to provide higher power from the ULfor FDD communications, some implementations may include minor changes within the front end system. For example, referring to, the duplexermay be re-sized to handle the higher ULpower and manage harmonic generation/filtering issues, both for the transmit-antenna through a band-pass filter on the transmit side, as well as for any increased transmit-receive isolation and receive filter linearity that may be required to suppress the transmit leakage and receive band noise coming from the higher power on the transmit side of the duplexer. The PAof the FDD UL transmit path may be configured to support in-burst UL power amplitudes which are greater than conventional continuous transmission FDD UL transmit paths.

302 302 7 FIG.B By enabling a transmission mode where FDD ULcan be effectively duty cycled and run in a “TDD-like” operation (e.g., as shown in), the in-burst ULpower can be significantly increased, average power maintained, and the FDD band can significantly improve the overall UL-limited coverage performance and cell-edge user experience. The net impact of implementation of aspects of this disclosure is potentially wider cell areas for lower implementation costs from the carrier and fewer base stations, higher data rates throughout the cell and especially at cell edge. Aspects of this disclosure can further provide less call drop and coverage complaints from subscribers.

9 FIG. 400 400 is an example flowchart illustrating a methodfor high power FDD UL communications in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. The methodmay be performed by an HPUE to provide high power FDD communications with a base station. A similar process may be performed by the base station communicating with the HPUE.

400 401 402 404 7 FIG.A The methodstarts at block. At block, the HPUE connects the UL and DL to a base station. At block, the HPUE determines to communicate with the base station using high power FDD. This determination may be based on communications in compliance with an RF communication standard in certain implementations. For example, nominal operation may involve continuous UL FDD (e.g., as shown in). In response to determining that there is a need for higher capacity throughput, the base station may trigger TDD time-division multiplexing to share resources among more users. When the base station detects cell-edge user experience degradation in SNR for modulation order, the base station may trigger high power FDD UL operation. In other situations, simply maintaining the TDD link for longer than a threshold period of time may trigger the high power FDD UL operation. In still other situations, the base station may transition directly from continuously UL FDD to high power UL operation based on any one of the triggers.

404 7 FIG.A The thresholds used in these triggers may depend on capacity, coexistence, and user experience conditions. Other possible triggers include data rate requirements, maintaining connectivity with the base stations, and capacity. In other aspects, the determination in blockmay be made in response to a low power FDD communication (e.g., as shown in) having insufficient power to maintain the UL to the base station without data rate or call drops.

406 306 406 408 400 410 8 FIG. At block, the HPUE can transmit data on the UL at a power that is higher than a predetermined level (e.g., higher than the power limitshown in) and at a finite duty cycle. The average power of the UL communication in blockmay be less than the predetermined level. At block, the HPUE can continuously receive data on the DL (e.g., without a duty cycle). The data received on the DL may be at a second power that is lower than the predetermined level. The methodends at block.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to. ” The word “coupled”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Likewise, the word “connected”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.

The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.