Light-Emitting Element and Display Device

The present disclosure relates to, for example, a light-emitting element.

Patent Document 1 discloses a device sandwiched between quantum dots (a light-emitting layer) and a charge transport layer, and provided with an interface layer formed of a metal oxide. The device disclosed in Patent Document 1, which is provided with the interface layer, can reduce quenching that occurs at the interface between the charge transport layer and the light-emitting layer.

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-290998

As to the configuration of the device disclosed in Patent Document 1, the interface layer needs to be thick in order to keep a sufficient distance between the light-emitting layer and the charge transport layer so as to prevent quenching. However, the thick interface layer could inevitably block injection of holes into the light light-emitting layer, or raise the voltage to be applied to the device higher than a desired voltage. Hence, the configuration of the device disclosed in Patent Document 1 has difficulty in increasing the thickness of the interface layer. Thus, the problem is that the device disclosed in Patent Document 1 cannot sufficiently reduce quenching.

A light-emitting element according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode and a second electrode; a first light-emitting layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, and containing a plurality of first quantum dots and a first inorganic matrix material filling spaces between the plurality of first quantum dots; a second light-emitting layer provided between the second electrode and the first light-emitting layer, and containing a plurality of second quantum dots and a second inorganic matrix material filling spaces between the plurality of second quantum dots, the second quantum dots emitting light in a same color as a color of light emitted from the plurality of first quantum dots; and a first intermediate layer provided between the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer.

An aspect of present disclosure can reduce quenching.

1 FIG. 2 FIG. 20 2 3 Described below is an embodiment of the present disclosure with reference to the drawings. Note that, throughout the drawings, like reference signs designate identical constituent features. Such constituent features will not be elaborated upon.is a schematic cross-sectional view of a display device according to this embodiment.is an energy band diagram of a light-emitting element according to this embodiment. As to the display device, the direction from an array substratetoward a light-emitting elementmay be referred to as “above”, and the opposite direction of “above” may be referred to as “below”.

20 20 2 3 2 3 20 3 2 2 3 1 FIG. The display deviceis, for example, a device to be used for a display of such an appliance as a TV or a smartphone. As illustrated in, the display deviceincludes: the array substrate; and the light-emitting element. The array substrateis a glass substrate including a not-shown thin-film transistor (TFT) formed for driving the light-emitting element. In the display device, layers included in the light-emitting elementare stacked on top of another above the array substrate. The TFT of the array substrateand the light-emitting elementare electrically connected together.

3 4 5 6 6 8 9 3 4 5 6 6 8 9 2 a b a b The light-emitting elementincludes: an anode(a first electrode); a hole transport layer(a first charge transport layer); a first light-emitting layer; a first intermediate layer FL; a second light-emitting layer; an electron transport layer(a second charge transport layer); and a cathode(a second electrode). The light-emitting elementcan be formed to include the anode, the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, the second light-emitting layer, the electron transport layer, and the cathode, all of which are stacked on top of another in the stated order from below above the array substrate.

4 2 2 4 4 4 2 The anodeis formed above the array substrate, and electrically connected to the TFT provided to the array substrate. The anodeis formed of a conductive material. Specifically, the anodecan be formed of a metal and a transparent conductive film stacked on top of another. The metal, functioning as a reflective layer, contains Al, Cu, Au, or Ag, each of which is highly reflective to light. The transparent conductive film, functioning as a transparent electrode, contains indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, or boron-doped zinc oxide, each of which is transparent to light. The anodecan be formed above the array substrate, using such a technique as, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition.

5 4 6 5 4 5 5 a The hole transport layertransports holes, which are injected from the anode, to the first light-emitting layer. The hole transport layeris formed above, and electrically connected to, the anode. The hole transport layermay be formed of, for example, a material containing an inorganic oxide semiconductor such as NiO or MgNiO. Other than the above inorganic oxide semiconductor materials, the hole transport layercan be formed also of an organic material such as a conductive polymer, or of a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic material.

20 5 3 3 3 3 3 However, as to the display deviceaccording to the embodiment, the hole transport layeris formed of an inorganic material such as an inorganic oxide semiconductor material in view of reliability of the light-emitting element. Note that the reliability of the light-emitting elementhere means whether the light-emitting elementcan emit light with a constant luminance for a long time. The reliability of the light-emitting elementcan be evaluated in the form of, for example, time series variations in the luminance of the light emitted from the light-emitting element.

5 Note that the hole transport layercan be formed by, for example, such a technique as sputtering, vapor deposition, spin coating, or ink-jet printing.

6 6 4 9 5 8 6 1 6 2 6 1 1 6 2 2 a b a b a b The first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerare provided between the anodeand the cathode: more specifically, between the hole transport layerand the electron transport layer. The first light-emitting layercontains a plurality of first quantum dots Q. The second light-emitting layercontains a plurality of second quantum dots Q. The first light-emitting layercontains a first inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of first quantum dots Q. The second light-emitting layercontains a second inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of second quantum dots Q.

1 2 6 6 a b Hereinafter, the first quantum dots Qand the second quantum dots Qmay be collectively referred to as quantum dots Q. Each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layermay contain one or more layers formed of the quantum dots Q and stacked on top of another.

Each of the quantum dots Q may be a particle having a maximum width smaller than, or equal to, 100 nm. The quantum dot Q may be spherical or non-spherical. The shape of the quantum dot Q shall not be limited to a spherical three-dimensional shape (with a circular cross-section) as long as the maximum width is smaller than, or equal to, 100 nm. For example, the quantum dot may have a polygonal cross-section, a bar-like three dimensional shape, a branch-like three dimensional shape, or a three dimensional shape having asperities on the surface. Alternatively, the quantum dot may have a combination of those shapes. The quantum dots Q may be formed of a semiconductor material. This semiconductor material may have a certain bandgap, and may be a material that produces electroluminescence. The electroluminescence may have a wavelength region of any of a red gamut, a green gamut, and a blue gamut.

1 6 2 6 20 a b The first quantum dots Qof the first light-emitting layerand the second quantum dots Qof the second light-emitting layermay be the same quantum dots. Here, the same quantum dots are quantum dots to be used for light-emitting layers included in the display deviceand forming subpixels in the same color. That is, the light-emitting layer containing the same quantum dots shall not be limited only to a light-emitting layer containing quantum dots that are made of completely the same material, formed in completely the same composition, and sized in completely the same average particle diameter. The light-emitting layer contains quantum dots whose composition and particle diameter are deemed capable of forming subpixels in the same color. The same color among the subpixels is the same color in a sense that the color belongs to any one of a plurality of such primary colors as red, green, and blue constituting a display image. Hence, the same color among the subpixels may be substantially the same as far as the color is visible to human eyes. The peaks of the wavelengths in the light do not have to be completely the same in a strict sense. For example, if two peaks are detected in spectra of emission wavelengths in light emitted from two kinds of quantum dots, and the peak wavelengths are within a range of wavelengths in the same color; that is, 430 to 500 nm for blue, 500 to 570 nm for green, and 610 to 780 nm for red, the quantum dots are determined to be the same. Furthermore, as a matter of course, the quantum dots are determined to be the same if two peaks are not detected.

The quantum dots Q are a light-emitting material that emits light by recombination of holes at a valence band level and electrons at a conduction band level. The light emitted from the quantum dots Q has a narrow spectrum because of the quantum confinement effect. Hence, relatively deep chromaticity can be obtained for the emitted light.

The quantum dots Q may be selected from the group consisting of a II-VI semiconductor compound, a III-V semiconductor compound, and a IV semiconductor compound. Note that the II-VI semiconductor compound can be selected from, for example, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, and HgTe. Furthermore, the III-V semiconductor compound can be selected from, for example, GaAs, GaP, GaN, InN, InAs, InP, and InSb. Moreover, the IV semiconductor compound can be selected from, for example, Si and Ge. Note that the II-VI semiconductor compound means a compound containing a group II element and a group VI element. The III-V semiconductor compound means a compound containing a group III element and a group V element. The IV semiconductor compound means a compound containing a group IV element. In addition, the group II element means either a group 2 element or a group 12 element. The group III element means either a group 3 element or a group 13 element. The group IV element means either a group 4 element or a group 14 element. The group V element means either a group 5 element or a group 15 element. The group VI element means either a group 6 element or a group 16 element. Here, the group numbers in Roman numbers are denoted by the former IUPAC notation or the former CAS notation. The group numbers in Arabic numbers are denoted by the current IUPAC notation.

Furthermore, each of the quantum dots Q may be a semiconductor nanoparticle having a core-shell structure such as CdSe/Cds, CdSe/ZnS, InP/ZnS, and ZnSe/ZnS. Moreover, the shell may have an outer periphery coordinated with ligands formed of either an inorganic substance or an organic substance. The ligands may be used to deactivate defects on a surface of the shell and to improve dispersibility of the quantum dots in a solvent to be applied.

3 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 8 a b a b a b In the light-emitting elementaccording to the embodiment, the holes and the electrons recombine at an interface mainly between the first light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL, or at an interface between the second light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL. Furthermore, the light is emitted mainly in a range of approximately 5 nm from the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layerand from the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer. Hence, a distance of more than 5 nm is kept: from the interface between the first light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL to the hole transport layer; and from the interface between the second light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL to the electron transport layer. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching.

6 6 6 6 6 6 4 9 20 20 6 6 6 6 a b a b a b a b a b Thus, each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerhas a thickness of preferably more than 5 nm. Moreover, in order to further reduce occurrence of quenching, each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerhas a thickness of 10 nm or more, and, more preferably, 20 nm or more. Whereas, if the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerare excessively thick, an electrical resistance of both of the layers increases. As a result, a voltage to be applied between the anodeand the cathodeinevitably increases. Hence, in accordance with the magnitude of a drive voltage to be applied to the display devicewhen the display deviceis used for, for example, a display, each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerhas a thickness of preferably 40 nm or less. Furthermore, in view of reducing the drive voltage, each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerhas a thickness of preferably 30 nm or less, more preferably 25 nm or less, still more preferably 20 nm or less, still more preferably 15nm or less, still more preferably 10nm or less, and still more preferably and 5nm or less.

6 6 6 6 6 6 a b a b a b Moreover, each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerhas a thickness ranging between more than 5 nm and 40 nm or less, more preferably between 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less, and still more preferably between 20 nm or more and 40 nm or less. In addition, the thickness of each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerdescribed above is set to the above numerical values for a single layer, so that the advantageous effects are exhibited for the single layer. The thickness can be individually set for each of the layers. Note that the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerare preferably approximately the same in thickness.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 20 3 a b a b a b a b The first intermediate layer FL is formed of a material higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. That is, the first intermediate layer FL is formed of a material that serves as an energy barrier against both the electrons and the holes. The first intermediate layer FL preferably reduces conduction of the electrons and the holes. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL is preferably formed of a material that either reduces or prevents occurrence of quenching. The reduction in the conduction of the electrons and the holes means that, for example, as described above, the first intermediate layer FL is higher in ionization potential, or lower in electron affinity, than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer, such that an energy barrier is generated to block the injection of the charges from either the first light-emitting layeror the second light-emitting layerto the first intermediate layer FL. Furthermore, for example, the first intermediate layer FL is formed lower either in carrier mobility or in carrier concentration than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer, so as to have higher resistivity. The first intermediate layer can be formed either of an organic material or of a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic material. However, as to the display deviceaccording to the embodiment, the first intermediate layer FL is formed of an inorganic material such as an inorganic oxide semiconductor material from the viewpoint of reliability of the light-emitting element.

2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Specifically, the first intermediate layer FL contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal halide, and a metal sulfide. This metal oxide preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of AlO, SiO, MgO, ZrO, HfO, CrO, GaO, and TaO. Furthermore, this metal halide preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of LiF, BaF, CaF, MgF, NaF, NaCl, CdF, CdCl, CdBr, CdI, ZnF, ZnCl, ZnBr, and ZnI. Moreover, this metal sulfide preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of ZnS, ZnMgS, ZnMgS, and MgS.

3 6 6 3 6 6 a b a b. As can be seen, the first intermediate layer FL contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal halide, and a metal sulfide. That is why the first intermediate layer FL is relatively stable against oxygen and moisture, and is less likely to deteriorate. As a result, the light-emitting elementcan achieve high reliability. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL is higher in bandgap than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer, which will be described in detail later. Hence, the light-emitting elementreduces conduction of the electrons and the holes, thereby successfully maintaining either a carrier balance between the holes and the electrons that recombine in the first light-emitting layer, or a carrier balance between the holes and the electrons that recombine in the second light-emitting layer

4 9 20 20 The first intermediate layer FL has a thickness of preferably 0.5 nm or more in order to obtain an advantageous effect of reducing conduction of the electrons and the holes. Furthermore, the thicker the first intermediate layer FL is, the greater the electrical resistance is between the anodeand the cathode. Hence, in accordance with the magnitude of a drive voltage to be applied to the display devicewhen the display deviceis used for, for example, a display, an upper limit can be determined of the thickness of the first intermediate layer FL. For example, the thickness of the first intermediate layer FL may have an upper limit of 20 nm or less. In view of reducing the drive voltage, the thickness is preferably smaller: 15 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or less, and still more preferably 5 nm or less.

Here, the thickness of the first intermediate layer FL means a maximum thickness of any given cross-section observed when the first intermediate layer FL is cut in a thickness direction. The thickness of the first intermediate layer FL can be measured when a cross-section of the first intermediate layer FL is observed with such a device as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 a b a b a b a b Note that the first intermediate layer FL is not necessarily provided over an entire region in which the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layeroverlap with each other. The first intermediate layer FL is not necessarily provided over the entire surface of each of the light-emitting layers. The first intermediate layer FL includes a layer formed at least in a portion of a region in which the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layeroverlap with each other. Hence, even if the first intermediate layer FL is provided, a portion may be found with no first intermediate layer FL interposed between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. In the portion, the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layermay face each other without the intermediate layer.

6 6 a b Specifically, the first intermediate layer FL may be a plurality of layers shaped into islands and provided between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL may have, for example, a plurality of through holes formed to penetrate the first intermediate layer FL in the thickness direction.

6 6 a b In any given cross-section of the first intermediate layer FL in the thickness direction, the intermediate layer preferably covers 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more, still more preferably 50% or more, still more preferably 70% or more, still more preferably 90% or more, and most preferably 100% of the surface of either the first light-emitting layeror the second light-emitting layer. Note that the statement, “covering 100% of the surface” means that intermediate layer has a portion continuously covering a width of 1 μm in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction. That is, the above percentage figures can be sufficiently met when the width is measured within a range of 1 μm in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction of the intermediate layer, and the measured figure is within the percentage figures.

Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL does not have to have a substantially uniform thickness, and may have unevenness in thickness such as asperities.

8 6 8 9 6 8 8 b b 2 2 3 2 3 The electron transport layeris provided above the second light-emitting layer. The electron transport layertransports the electrons, which are injected from the cathode, to the second light-emitting layer. The electron transport layercan be formed of, for example, a material containing an inorganic semiconductor in view of reliability. The electron transport layermay contain at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, ZnO, ZnMgO, TiO, TaO, SnO, and SrTiO.

5 8 The hole transport layer, the first intermediate layer FL, and the electron transport layermay be formed to include nanoparticles, crystals, polycrystals, or amorphous materials.

9 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 The cathodeis formed above the electron transport layer, and electrically connected to the electron transport layer. The cathodeis formed of a conductive material. The cathodecan be formed of, for example, a metal formed into a thin film transparent to light, a metal formed into nanoparticles, or a transparent electrode. Examples of the metal forming the cathodeinclude metals such as Al, Cu, Au, and Ag. Examples of the transparent electrode forming the cathodeinclude indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and boron-doped zinc oxide. The cathodecan be formed on the electron transport layerby, for example, sputtering, vapor deposition, or spin coating.

20 4 5 6 9 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 + − 1 FIG. 1 FIG. a b a b a b a b In the display devicehaving the above-described configuration, the holes (the arrow hin) injected from the anodeare transported through the hole transport layerinto the first light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the electrons (the arrow ein) injected from the cathodeare transported through the electron transport layerinto the second light-emitting layer. Then, the holes transported to the first light-emitting layerand electrons, which are included in the electrons transported to the second light-emitting layerand are injected into the first light-emitting layerbeyond the first intermediate layer FL, recombine in the quantum dots Q, thereby generating excitons. Alternatively, the electrons transported to the second light-emitting layerand holes, which are included in the holes transported to the first light-emitting layerand are injected into the second light-emitting layerbeyond the first intermediate layer FL, recombine in the quantum dots Q, thereby generating excitons. Then, the excitons return from the excited state to the ground state, and thus the quantum dots Q emit light.

1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 20 6 6 2 20 2 20 9 4 a b Note thatillustrates an example of a top-emission display devicethat releases light, which is emitted from at least one of the first light-emitting layeror the second light-emitting layer, across from the array substrate(from the top in). However, the display devicemay also be a bottom-emission display device that releases light from the array substrate(from the bottom in). If the display deviceis a bottom-emission display device, the cathodeis a reflective electrode and the anodeis a transparent electrode.

20 4 5 6 6 8 9 2 20 20 9 8 6 6 5 4 2 a b b a Furthermore, the display deviceaccording to a first embodiment includes the anode, the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, the second light-emitting layer, the electron transport layer, and the cathode, all of which are stacked on top of another in the stated order from below above the array substrate. However, the display devicemay be an inverted display device; that is, the display devicemay include the cathode, the electron transport layer, the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, the first light-emitting layer, the hole transport layer, and the anode, all of which are stacked on top of another in the stated order from below above the array substrate.

20 5 3 5 As can be seen, as to the display deviceaccording to the embodiment, the hole transport layeris formed of an inorganic material such as an inorganic oxide semiconductor material in view of reliability of the light-emitting element. Hence, when the hole transport layeris formed of an inorganic oxide semiconductor material, a light-emitting element without the first intermediate layer FL has a problem as follows.

The holes transported from the hole transport layer to the light-emitting layer are likely to be smaller in amount than the electrons transported from the electron transport layer to the light-emitting layer. Thus, excitons are likely to be generated, and the light is likely to be emitted, near an interface between the hole transport layer and the light-emitting layer. However, because of a —OH group contained in an oxide forming the hole transport layer, or of a strong electric field generated by a dipole of a dangling bond, the excitons are separated into the electrons and the holes near the interface between the hole transport layer and the light-emitting layer. That is why quenching is likely to occur.

20 6 6 6 6 5 a b a b Hence, in the display deviceaccording to this embodiment, the first intermediate layer FL is provided between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Thus, the light is emitted mainly either: at or near the interface between the first light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL; or at or near the interface between the second light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL so that the light-emitting region is distant from the hole transport layer. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching.

2 FIG. 2 FIG. 6 6 5 6 6 8 a b a b Described next with reference towill be a relationship of energy between the first light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL and between the second light-emitting layerand the first intermediate layer FL.illustrates a state in which the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, and the electron transport layerare isolated from one another.

2 FIG. 4 5 6 6 8 9 5 8 a b Note that, as illustrated in, the anode, the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, the second light-emitting layer, the electron transport layer, and the cathodeare arranged from left to right. In the drawings of the Description, the hole transport layerand the electron transport layerare respectively denoted as an HTL and an ETL.

4 9 5 6 6 8 a b Furthermore, in the energy band diagrams, the anodeand the cathodeare represented by work functions. Each of the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, and the electron transport layerhas a lower end corresponding to a valence band maximum (VBM) and representing an ionization potential of each of the layers with reference to the vacuum level. Note that the VBM corresponds to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the case of a molecule.

5 6 6 8 a b Furthermore, each of the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, and the electron transport layerhas an upper end corresponding to a conduction band minimum (CBM) and representing an electron affinity of each of the layers with reference to the vacuum level. Note that the CBM corresponds to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the case of a molecule. Hereinafter, the ionization potential means a difference between the vacuum level and the energy level of the VBM or HOMO, and the electron affinity means the difference between the vacuum level and the energy level of the CBM or LUMO.

6 6 1 6 2 6 a b a b 2 FIG. As described above, the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layercontain the same quantum dots. The same quantum dots emit light whose colors are within the wavelength ranges of blue, green, and red. Here, the quantum dots are made of the same material, formed in the same composition, and sized in the same average particle diameter. Hence, the first quantum dots Qof the first light-emitting layerand the second quantum dots Qof the second light-emitting layerare the same in ionization potential and electron affinity as illustrated in.

1 6 2 6 1 2 a b 2 FIG. Furthermore, the first inorganic matrix material Xof the first light-emitting layerand the second inorganic matrix material Xof the second light-emitting layerare made of the same material and formed in the same composition. Hence, as illustrated in, the first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xare the same in ionization potential and electron affinity.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 a b a b a b b a a b a b b b a a Whereas, the first intermediate layer FL sandwiched between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layeris higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. That is, the first intermediate layer FL serves as an energy barrier for the holes to be conducted from the first light-emitting layerto the second light-emitting layerand for the electrons to be conducted from the second light-emitting layerto the first light-emitting layer. Hence, the holes are likely to be accumulated near the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layer, and the electrons are likely to be accumulated near the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer. Then, among the holes accumulated in the first light-emitting layer, holes moving to the second light-emitting layerbeyond the first intermediate layer FL recombine with the electrons at or near the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer. As a result, the light is emitted. On the other hand, among the electrons accumulated in the second light-emitting layer, electrons moving to the first light-emitting layerbeyond the first intermediate layer FL recombine with the holes at or near the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layer. As a result, the light is emitted.

3 6 6 6 5 6 8 3 6 6 a b a b a b. As can be seen, in the light-emitting elementaccording to the embodiment, the thickness of each of the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layeris more than 5 nm, preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 20 nm or more. Hence, a distance of more than 5 nm can be set from a center of light, emitted at least from the first light-emitting layer, to the hole transport layer. Furthermore, a distance of more than 5 nm can be set from a center of light, emitted at least from the second light-emitting layer, to the electron transport layer. Here, the light-emitting elementemits light mainly in a range of approximately 5 nm from the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layerand in a range of approximately 5 nm from the interface between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer

3 5 8 Hence, in the light-emitting element, the light-emitting region from which the light is emitted can be physically separated from either the hole transport layeror the electron transport layerboth of which cause quenching. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching and increases luminance efficiency.

20 6 6 a b When the display deviceoperates for a long period of time, a decrease could be observed either in the amount of holes injected into the first light-emitting layeror in the amount of electrons injected into the second light-emitting layer. Here, when the amount of the injected holes or the injected electrons decreases and the carrier balance between the holes and the electrons deteriorates, Auger recombination occurs. The problem is that Auger recombination decreases luminance and light emission efficiency.

3 5 6 3 6 6 a a a However, the light-emitting elementaccording to the embodiment includes the first intermediate layer FL. Hence, even if a decrease is observed in the amount of charges injected into the light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL successfully reduces occurrence of Auger recombination. For example, assume a case where a decrease is observed in the amount of holes injected from the hole transport layerto the first light-emitting layer. In this case, the light-emitting elementaccording to the embodiment can reduce the injection of electrons into the first light-emitting layerwith the first intermediate layer FL. Hence, the first light-emitting layercan reduce deterioration of the carrier balance between the holes and the electrons and emit light stably.

6 6 6 6 b b b b Whereas, in the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL further reduces the amount of holes injected into the second light-emitting layer, and the holes and the electrons are kept from recombining together. Thus, the second light-emitting layerdoes not emit light. Furthermore, in the second light-emitting layer, the holes and the electrons are kept from recombining together such that no light is emitted. As a result, the Auger recombination does not occur.

1 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 4 5 3 9 8 Although not shown inor, the light-emitting elementmay further include a hole injection layer between the anodeand the hole transport layer. Moreover, the light-emitting elementmay further include an electron injection layer between the cathodeand the electron transport layer.

6 1 1 1 6 2 2 2 1 2 a b The first light-emitting layercontains the first inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of first quantum dots Q(i.e., containing the plurality of first quantum dots Q). The second light-emitting layercontains the second inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of second quantum dots Q(i.e., containing the plurality of quantum dots Q). Hereinafter, the first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay be collectively referred to as an inorganic matrix material X.

6 6 a b The inorganic matrix material X means a member formed of an inorganic substance (e.g., an inorganic semiconductor) and containing and holding other substances. The inorganic matrix material X can be also referred to as a base material, a matrix, or a filler. The inorganic matrix material X may be a solid at room temperature. The inorganic matrix material X may be a member containing and holding the plurality of quantum dots Q. The inorganic matrix material X may be a feature of the light-emitting layers (and) containing the plurality of quantum dots Q.

1 FIG. 6 6 6 6 a b a b As illustrated in, the inorganic matrix material X may be filled in the light-emitting layers (and). The inorganic matrix material X may fill a region (a space) other than the plurality of quantum dots Q in the light-emitting layers (,).

3 4 FIGS.and 3 4 FIGS.and 4 FIG. 6 6 a b The inorganic matrix material X may be filled between the plurality of quantum dots Q. When the inorganic matrix material X is filled between the plurality of quantum dots Q, it means that the inorganic matrix material X fills a region between neighboring two quantum dots Q (hereinafter referred to as “region”). The inorganic matrix material X fills a space at least between neighboring two quantum dots Q, and achieves a desired advantageous effect in the region where the inorganic matrix material fills at least between the two quantum dots.are schematic cross-sectional views of an example of how the inorganic matrix material is formed. As illustrated in, the inorganic matrix material X fills a region (a space) J between neighboring two quantum dots Q. The inorganic matrix material X is filled in the region J. The region J may be, in a cross-section of a light-emitting layer (,), a region surrounded with: two straight lines (i.e., common outer tangent lines) in contact with the outer peripheries of the neighboring two quantum dots Q; and opposing outer peripheries of the neighboring two quantum dots Q. Note that, as illustrated in, the region J can exist even if the neighboring two quantum dots are close to each other. In addition, the inorganic matrix material X fills the region J.

6 6 6 6 a b a b The inorganic matrix material X may fill a region (a space) other than a quantum dot group in the light-emitting layer (,). Here, three or more quantum dots Q are collectively referred to as a quantum dot group. The inorganic matrix material X may fill a region (a space) other than the plurality of quantum dots Q in the light-emitting layer (,).

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 a b a b a b a b The light-emitting layer (,) has an outer edge (an upper surface and a lower surface) covered with the inorganic matrix material X. Furthermore, the outer edge of the light-emitting layer (,) may be formed of the inorganic matrix material X, and the quantum dots Q may be positioned away from the outer edge. The outer edge of the light-emitting layer (,) does not have to be formed of the inorganic matrix material X alone. The quantum dots Q may be partially exposed from the inorganic matrix material X. The inorganic matrix material X in the light-emitting layer (,) may be a portion except for the plurality of quantum dots Q.

The inorganic matrix material X may contain the plurality of quantum dots Q. The inorganic matrix material X may be formed to fill spaces formed between the plurality of quantum dots Q. The plurality of quantum dots Q may be buried at intervals in the inorganic matrix material X. The inorganic matrix material X may be either partially or completely filled between the plurality of quantum dots Q.

2 The inorganic matrix material X may include a continuous film having an area of 1000 nmor more in a planer direction perpendicular to the thickness direction. The continuous film means a film whose single plane is not separated with a material other than the material forming the continuous film.

The inorganic matrix material X may be formed of the same material as the material of the shell included in each of the plurality of quantum dots Q. In this case, an average distance between neighboring cores (an inter-core distance) may be 3 nm or more, and may be 5 nm or more. Alternatively, the average distance between the neighboring cores may be 0.5 times as long as, or longer than, an average core diameter. The inter-core distance is an average distance between neighboring cores in a space including 20 cores. The inter-core distance may be kept longer than a distance between shells in contact with each other. The average core diameter is an average of core diameters of 20 cores when a space including the 20 cores is observed in cross-section. Each of the core diameters can be interpreted as a diameter of a circle whose area is as large as an area of the core observed in cross-section.

6 6 a b In the light-emitting layer (,), the inorganic matrix material X may have a concentration of 0.1% or more and 79.0% or less. This concentration may be measured from, for example, a rate of the area in image processing when the cross-section is observed. If the quantum dots Q have a core-shell structure, the shells may have a concentration of 0.1% or more and 39% or less. If the shells and the inorganic matrix material X are formed of the same material (formed in the same composition), and the shells and the inorganic matrix material X cannot be distinguished from each other, a concentration of 0.1% or more and 99.9% or less may be observed of the region including the shells and the inorganic matrix material X combined. As can be seen, if the shells and the inorganic matrix material X cannot be distinguished from each other, the shells may be a portion of the inorganic matrix material X.

6 6 6 6 a b a b The light-emitting layer (,) may be formed of the plurality of quantum dots Q and the inorganic matrix material X. When the light-emitting layer (,) is analyzed, strength of carbon detected in a chain structure may be equal to noise or less.

2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 2 3 2 The material forming the inorganic matrix material X is desirably wider in bandgap than the material (e.g., the core material) of the quantum dots Q. The material to be used for forming the inorganic matrix material X may be either a semiconductor or an insulator. Examples of the material forming the inorganic matrix material X include a metal sulfide and/or a metal oxide. Example of the metal sulfide may include zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc magnesium sulfide (ZnMgS, ZnMgS), gallium sulfide (GaS, GaS), zinc tellurium sulfide (ZnTeS), magnesium sulfide (MgS), zinc gallium sulfide (ZnGaS), and magnesium gallium sulfide (MgGaS). Examples of the metal oxide may include zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO), tin oxide (SnO), tungsten oxide (WO), and zirconium oxides (ZrO). Note that the chemical formulas denoted in parentheses after the compound names are typical examples. Furthermore, a composition ratio described in a chemical formula is preferably in stoichiometry in which a composition of the actual compound is the same as the chemical formula. However, the composition ratio does not have to be in stoichiometry.

6 6 6 6 a b a b The structure of the inorganic matrix material X may as well be seen to be the above one when the cross-section of the light-emitting layer (,) is observed at a width of approximately 100 nm. The structure does not have to be observed throughout the light-emitting layer (,). The inorganic matrix material X may contain a substance different from the main material (e.g., an inorganic substance such as an inorganic semiconductor) as, for example, an additive.

6 6 a b For example, the light-emitting layer (,) can be made inorganic when organic ligands are removed from the inorganic matrix material X (e.g., a semiconductor material), and the light-emitting quantum dots Q are embedded in the inorganic matrix material X.

3 6 4 9 1 1 1 6 9 6 2 2 2 2 1 6 6 1 2 FIGS.and a b a a b. The light-emitting elementillustrated inincludes: the first light-emitting layerprovided between the first electrodeand the second electrode, and containing the plurality of first quantum dots Qand the first inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of first quantum dots Q; the second light-emitting layerprovided between the second electrodeand the first light-emitting layer, and containing the plurality of second quantum dots Qand the second inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of quantum dots Q, the second quantum dots Qemitting light in the same color as a color of light emitted from the plurality of quantum dots Q; and the first intermediate layer FL provided between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer

1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 The first quantum dots Qand the second quantum dots Qmay have the same characteristic in emitting light (i.e., may be formed of the same material and in the same structure). The first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay be formed of the same material (i.e., may be formed in the same bandgap structure). The first inorganic matrix material Xmay contain the plurality of first quantum dots Q. The second inorganic matrix material Xmay contain the plurality of second quantum dots Q.

6 6 6 6 3 a b a b The inorganic matrix material X containing the plurality of quantum dots Q and filling the spaces between the plurality of quantum dots Q functions as a protective film. Such a feature successfully reduces an influence that the first light-emitting layerhas when the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layerare formed, and prevents the first and second light-emitting layersandfrom deteriorating when the light-emitting elementis energized. A conventional light-emitting layer in which organic ligands are coordinated to quantum dots has a problem; that is, in a process after the light-emitting layer is formed and in the energization after the element is formed, such phenomena as desorption, denaturation, and decomposition of the organic ligands reduce light emission efficiency. However, this problem can be solved when the inorganic matrix material X is formed.

The inorganic matrix material X functions as a protective film of the quantum dots Q, which is advantageous because the first intermediate layer FL can be formed by sputtering.

1 2 1 2 1 2 Desirably, the inorganic matrix material X (X, X) is larger in bandgap than the quantum dots Q (Q, Q), and the bandgap of the quantum dots Q is positioned in the bandgap of the inorganic matrix material X. That is, preferably, the inorganic matrix material X is higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the quantum dots Q (Q, Q).

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 The first intermediate layer FL may be higher in ionization potential than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, and the second inorganic matrix material X. The first intermediate layer FL may be lower in electron affinity than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, and the second inorganic matrix material X.

2 FIG. 1 2 1 2 The first intermediate layer FL inis higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the inorganic matrix material X (X, X). Hence, the first intermediate layer FL serves as an energy barrier against both the electrons and the holes with respect to the inorganic matrix material X (X, X). Such a feature successfully reduces a reactive current that runs through the inorganic matrix material X as a carrier path (i.e., a reactive current that does not pass through the quantum dots). The inventors have found out that the inorganic matrix material X has a problem of transmitting carriers and generating a reactive current more readily than organic ligands, and that the first intermediate layer FL can significantly reduce the problem.

3 6 6 1 2 FIGS.and a b In the light-emitting elementillustrated in, the first intermediate layer FL serves as an energy barrier against the electrons and the holes. As a result, the carriers are accumulated near the interface either between the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layeror between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer, such that the electrons and the holes are likely to recombine together (i.e., light is likely to be emitted) near the interface. The recombination (the light emission) region is away from the hole transport layer (the HTL) and the electron transport layer (the ETL). Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of a quenching phenomenon in which energy of the excitons moves either to the HTL or to the ETL.

6 6 6 6 a b a b Each of the first and second light-emitting layersandmay contain one or more layers formed of the plurality of quantum dots Q and stacked on top of another, and may have a thickness of 5 nm or more or of 20 nm or more and 40 nm or less. Preferably, the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layerare approximately the same in thickness.

1 2 The first intermediate layer FL is desirably higher in ionization potential than the quantum dots Q (Q, Q). If the first intermediate layer FL is lower in ionization potential than the quantum dots Q, the holes are accumulated in the first intermediate layer FL and the recombination is likely to occur in the first intermediate layer FL in which no quantum dots are found.

1 2 The first intermediate layer FL is desirably lower in electron affinity than the quantum dots Q (Q, Q). If the first intermediate layer FL is higher in electron affinity than the quantum dots Q, the electrons are accumulated in the first intermediate layer FL and the recombination is likely to occur in the first intermediate layer FL in which no quantum dots are found.

3 6 6 a b In view of color purity of the light-emitting element, a difference in peak emission wavelength between the first and second light-emitting layersandis desirably small. Preferably, the difference is less than 10 nm.

1 2 1 2 The first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay contain a sulfide (e.g., zinc sulfide). The first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay contain a shell material (e.g., zinc sulfide) for the core-shell quantum dots Q.

2 The first intermediate layer FL contains at least one of a metal oxide, a halide, or a sulfide. If the first intermediate layer FL is formed of a sulfide semiconductor (e.g., ZnS, ZnMgS, ZnMgS, or MgS), the first intermediate layer FL has a thickness of preferably 5 nm or more and 10 to 20 nm. If the first intermediate layer FL is formed either of an insulating oxide or of a halide, the first intermediate layer FL has a thickness of preferably approximately 20 nm or less and 0.5 nm to 5 nm. This is because an excessively thick first intermediate layer FL will not transmit the carriers.

1 2 The first intermediate layer FL may contain a metal element (e.g., Zn) and a nonmetal element both contained in common in the first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material X.

5 FIG. 5 FIG. 5 6 6 8 a b is an energy band diagram of another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. For convenience in description,illustrates a state in which the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, and the electron transport layerare isolated from one another.

3 6 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 5 FIG. a b a b In the light-emitting elementillustrated in, the first intermediate layer FL is higher in ionization potential than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL is higher, or equal, in electron affinity than, or to, the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Specifically, the first intermediate layer FL is higher, or equal, in electron affinity than, or to, any one of substances including the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, and the second inorganic matrix material X.

3 6 6 6 6 3 6 a b a b b. 5 FIG. In the light-emitting element, if the amount of holes injected into the first light-emitting layeris excessively larger than the amount of electrons injected into the second light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL serving as an energy barrier can keep the holes from moving from the first light-emitting layerto the second light-emitting layer. Hence, in the structure of injecting the holes in an excessive amount, the light-emitting elementincan maintain a carrier balance between the holes and the electrons that recombine in the second light-emitting layer

6 6 a b 2 3 3 3 2 5 Note that examples of a material higher in ionization potential than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layermay include the metal oxide, the metal halide, and the metal sulfide described above, and may further include ZnO, ZnMgO, TiO, SnO, WO, MoO, VO, and ZnOS.

6 FIG. 6 FIG. 3 6 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 a b a b is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. In the light-emitting elementillustrated in, the first intermediate layer FL is lower in electron affinity than the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL is lower, or equal, in ionization potential than, or to, the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. That is, the first intermediate layer FL is lower, or equal, in ionization potential than, or to, any one of such substances as the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, and the second inorganic matrix material X.

3 6 6 6 6 3 6 b a b a a. 6 FIG. In the light-emitting element, if the amount of electrons injected into the second light-emitting layeris excessively larger than the amount of holes injected into the first light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL serving as an energy barrier can keep the electrons from moving from the second light-emitting layerto the first light-emitting layer. Hence, in the structure of injecting the electrons in an excessive amount, the light-emitting elementincan maintain a carrier balance between the holes and the electrons that recombine in the first light-emitting layer

7 FIG. 7 FIG. 5 8 6 6 5 8 a b is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. The first intermediate layer FL is preferably larger in bandgap than the inorganic matrix material X. However, as illustrated in, even if the bandgap of the first intermediate layer FL is smaller than, or equal to, the bandgap of the inorganic matrix material X, the first intermediate layer FL can reduce quenching that occurs near either the hole transport layer(the HTL) or the electron transport layer(the ETL). A great distance between the first and second light-emitting layersandreduces carriers reaching near either the HTL or the ETL, thereby successfully reducing quenching. Furthermore, if the band profile is depressed in the first intermediate layer FL, carriers conducted through the inorganic matrix material X can be accumulated (trapped) in the first intermediate layer FL. Such a feature successfully reduces quenching that occurs near either the hole transport layer (the HTL)or the electron transport layer (the ETL).

8 FIG. 8 FIG. 1 2 1 2 1 2 is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. As illustrated in, the first inorganic matrix material Xmay be lower in ionization potential and electron affinity than the second inorganic matrix material X. For example, the first inorganic matrix material Xmay be ZnS and the second inorganic matrix material Xmay be ZnOS The first quantum dots Qand the second quantum dots Qmay have the same characteristic in emitting light (i.e., may be formed of the same material and in the same structure).

8 FIG. 6 2 6 1 6 6 a b a b. In the case of, a barrier is formed against the holes to be injected from the first light-emitting layerto the second inorganic matrix material X, and a barrier is formed against the electrons to be injected from the second light-emitting layerto the first inorganic matrix material X. Hence, carriers (the electrons and the holes) that have traveled beyond the first intermediate layer FL are more likely to be injected into the quantum dots Q than into the inorganic matrix material X, and the reactive current passing through the inorganic matrix material X decreases. As a result, an effect of recombination (light emission) is observed more remarkably near the interface between either the first intermediate layer FL and the first light-emitting layeror between the first intermediate layer FL and the second light-emitting layer

9 FIG. 9 FIG. 5 6 6 6 8 a b c is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. For convenience in description,illustrates a state in which the hole transport layer, the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, a third light-emitting layer, the first intermediate layer FL, a second intermediate layer SL, and the electron transport layerare isolated from one another.

3 6 5 8 6 6 6 6 9 FIG. c a b b c. The light-emitting elementofincludes the third light-emitting layerbetween the hole transport layerand the electron transport layer, in addition to the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the second intermediate layer SL is included between the second light-emitting layerand the third light-emitting layer

3 6 9 6 3 3 3 3 1 6 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 6 8 6 3 3 c b b c b c 9 FIG. 1 FIG. Specifically, the light-emitting elementincludes: the third light-emitting layerprovided between the cathode(the second electrode) and the second electrode, and containing a plurality of third quantum dots Qand a third inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the plurality of third quantum dots Q, the third quantum dots Qemitting light in the same color as the color of the light emitted from the plurality of first quantum dots Q; and the second intermediate layer SL provided between the second light-emitting layerand the third light-emitting layer. The first quantum dots Q, the second quantum dots Q, and the third quantum dots Qmay have the same characteristic in emitting light (i.e., may be formed of the same material and in the same structure). The first inorganic matrix material X, the second inorganic matrix material X, and the third inorganic matrix material Xmay be formed of the same material (i.e., may be formed in the same bandgap structure). The third inorganic matrix material Xmay contain the plurality of third quantum dots Q. Note that the display device including the light-emitting element ofhas a configuration as follows. In, between the light-emitting layerand the electron transport layer, the second intermediate layer SL (provided below) and the third light-emitting layer(including the plurality of third quantum dots Qand the third inorganic matrix material X) are sandwiched.

6 6 6 6 6 6 a b c a b c The first intermediate layer FL is lower in electron affinity than the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, and the third light-emitting layer. The second intermediate layer SL is higher in ionization potential than the first light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layer, and the third light-emitting layer. The first intermediate layer FL is lower in electron affinity and ionization potential than the second intermediate layer SL.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 b a b c c b b a. Hence, the first intermediate layer FL serves as an energy barrier against the electrons moving from the second light-emitting layerto the first light-emitting layer. Furthermore, the second intermediate layer SL serves as an energy barrier against the holes moving from the second light-emitting layerto the third light-emitting layer. Moreover, the first intermediate layer FL is lower in electron affinity and ionization potential than the second intermediate layer SL. As can be seen, the first intermediate layer FL is lower in electron affinity than the second intermediate layer SL. That is why the electrons are more likely to move from the third light-emitting layerto the second light-emitting layerthan from the second light-emitting layerto the first light-emitting layer

6 6 6 6 3 6 b c a b b. 9 FIG. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer FL is lower in ionization potential than the second intermediate layer SL. That is why the holes are more likely to move from the second light-emitting layerto the third light-emitting layerthan from the first light-emitting layerto the second light-emitting layer. As a result, the light-emitting elementincan efficiently accumulate the electrons and the holes in the second light-emitting layer

3 9 FIG. Described below will be exemplary combinations of materials of the first intermediate layer FL and the second intermediate layer SL that can be used for the light-emitting elementof.

2 3 3 9 FIG. That is, the exemplary combinations include: a combination of MgNiO for the first intermediate layer FL and ZnMgO for the second intermediate layer SL; a combination of NiO for the first intermediate layer FL and ZnO for the second intermediate layer SL, a combination of MgO for the first intermediate layer FL and AlOfor the second intermediate layer SL, and a combination of ZnMgS for the first intermediate layer FL and ZnOS for the second intermediate layer SL. The combination of both materials; that is, a material forming the first intermediate layer FL and a material forming the second intermediate layer SL exemplified above, satisfies a relationship between the electron affinity and the ionization potential in each layer of the light-emitting elementillustrated in.

3 6 6 6 5 8 9 FIG. b b b In the light-emitting elementillustrated in, the electrons and the holes are likely to be accumulated in the second light-emitting layer. Then, the electrons and the holes recombine together mainly in the second light-emitting layer. Hence, the electrons and the holes recombine together in the second light-emitting layerpositioned away from the hole transport layerand the electron transport layer. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching.

3 6 6 6 6 6 9 FIG. b b a c b Furthermore, in the light-emitting elementof, the light is emitted mainly from the second light-emitting layer. Note that the light of the second light-emitting layeris emitted either at the first light-emitting layeror at the third light-emitting layer, depending on difference in mobility between the holes and the electrons. Thus, in the second light-emitting layer, a center of the emitted light might be displaced toward either light-emitting layer.

6 6 6 6 b b a c Hence, in order to minimize the displacement of the center of the emitted light in the second light-emitting layer, the second light-emitting layeris formed preferably thinner than the first light-emitting layerand the third light-emitting layer.

9 FIG. 6 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 a b In, the first intermediate layer FL provided between the first light-emitting layerand the second light-emitting layeris higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, the plurality of third quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the second inorganic matrix material X, and the third inorganic matrix material X.

6 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 b c The second intermediate layer SL provided between the second light-emitting layerand the third light-emitting layeris higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, the plurality of third quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, the second inorganic matrix material X, and the third inorganic matrix material X. Such features successfully reduce a reactive current that runs through the inorganic matrix material X (X, X, and X) as a carrier path.

10 FIG. 10 FIG. 10 FIG. 1 FIG. 3 4 1 4 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. In the light-emitting elementof, the first intermediate layer FL includes: a plurality of fourth quantum dots Qthat emit light in the same color as the color of the light emitted from the plurality of the first quantum dots Q; and a fourth inorganic matrix material Xfilling spaces between the fourth quantum dots Q. The fourth inorganic matrix material Xis higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the plurality of second quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, and the second inorganic matrix material X. The first quantum dots Q, the second quantum dots Q, and the fourth quantum dots Qmay have the same characteristic in emitting light (i.e., may be formed of the same material and in the same structure). The first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay be formed of the same material (i.e., may be formed in the same bandgap structure). The fourth inorganic matrix material Xmay contain the plurality of fourth quantum dots Q. Note that the display device including the light-emitting element ofhas a configuration as follows. In, the first intermediate layer FL contains the plurality of fourth quantum dots Qand the fourth inorganic matrix material X.

10 FIG. 4 1 2 In, the fourth inorganic matrix material Xof the first intermediate layer FL serves as an energy barrier against both the electrons and the holes with respect to the first and second inorganic matrix materials Xand X. Such a feature successfully reduces a reactive current that runs through the inorganic matrix material X as a carrier path (i.e., a reactive current that does not pass through the quantum dots).

4 4 4 5 8 Whereas, the carriers are readily injected into the fourth quantum dots Qin the first intermediate layer FL, thereby increasing a chance of recombination in (light emission from) the fourth quantum dots Q. The fourth quantum dots Qare away from the hole transport layerand the electron transport layer. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching.

11 FIG. 11 FIG. 11 FIG. 1 FIG. 3 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 is an energy band diagram of yet another light-emitting element according to this embodiment. In the light-emitting elementof, the first intermediate layer FL includes: the plurality of fourth quantum dots Qhaving a core-shell structure and emitting light in the same color as a color of light emitted from the plurality of the first quantum dots Q. Each of the plurality of fourth quantum dots Qhas a shell Qs higher in ionization potential, and lower in electron affinity, than the plurality of first quantum dots Q, the plurality of second quantum dot quantum dots Q, the first inorganic matrix material X, and the second inorganic matrix material X. The first quantum dots Qand the second quantum dots Qmay have the same characteristic in emitting light (i.e., may be formed of the same material and in the same structure). The first quantum dots Qand the second quantum dots Qmay be either core-shell quantum dots or shell-less (core-exposing) quantum dots. The first quantum dots Q, the second quantum dots Q, and the fourth quantum dots Qmay have the same cores Qc (i.e., the cores Qc may be formed of the same material and in the same structure). The first inorganic matrix material Xand the second inorganic matrix material Xmay be formed of the same material (i.e., may be formed in the same bandgap structure). Note that the display device including the light-emitting element ofhas a configuration as follows. In, the first intermediate layer FL contains the plurality of fourth quantum dots Qhaving a core-shell structure.

11 FIG. 4 1 2 In, the shells Qs of the fourth quantum dots Qserve as an energy barrier against both the electrons and the holes with respect to the first and second inorganic matrix materials Xand X. Such a feature successfully reduces a reactive current that runs through the inorganic matrix material X as a carrier path (i.e., a reactive current that does not pass through the quantum dots).

4 4 4 5 8 Whereas, the carriers are readily injected into the cores Qc of the fourth quantum dots Qin the first intermediate layer FL, thereby increasing a chance of recombination in (i.e., a change of light emission from) the fourth quantum dots Q. The fourth quantum dots Qare away from the hole transport layerand the electron transport layer. Such a feature successfully reduces occurrence of quenching.

12 FIG. 12 FIG. 20 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 is a schematic view illustrating an exemplary configuration of the display device according to this embodiment. As illustrated in, the display deviceincludes: a display unit DA including a plurality of subpixels SP; a first driver Dand a second driver Dthat drive the plurality of subpixels SP; and a display control unit DC that controls the first driver Dand the second driver D. Each of the subpixels SP includes: the light-emitting element; and a pixel circuit PC connected to the light-emitting element. A red subpixel SP may have a light-emitting elementR() that emits a red light. A green subpixel SP may have a light-emitting elementG() that emits a green light. A blue subpixel SP may have a light-emitting elementB() that emits a blue light. The pixel circuit PC may be connected to a scan signal line GL and a data signal line DL. The scan signal line GL may be connected to the first driver D, and the data signal line DL may be connected to the second driver D.

Each of the above-described embodiments is presented not for limitative purposes but for illustrative and descriptive purposes. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations are applicable in accordance with these illustrations and descriptions.