Negative Electrode of Secondary Battery, and Secondary Battery Using the Negative Electrode

The present disclosure relates to a negative electrode of a secondary battery. The present disclosure also relates to a secondary battery using the negative electrode. This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2024-169482 filed on Sep. 27, 2024. The entire contents of this application are incorporated herein by reference.

In recent years, secondary batteries have been suitably used for portable power sources of personal computers, mobile terminals, and the like, driving power sources of vehicles such as a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), and the like.

In the applications for the driving power sources of vehicles, particularly in the applications for the driving power sources of BEVs, the secondary batteries are demanded to have higher capacity from the viewpoint of extending the cruising distance of the vehicle. As a negative electrode active material with high capacity, Si-containing particles are known, and it has been known that using the Si-containing particles can increase the capacity of the secondary battery (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2015-38862). In the art disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2015-38862, the Si-containing particles and graphite particles such as natural graphite are used in combination as the negative electrode active material.

However, while the Si-containing particle has high capacity, the change in volume due to expansion/shrinkage when the secondary battery is charged and discharged is large. When the Si-containing particles and the graphite particles are used in combination as the negative electrode active material, repeating the charging and discharging of the secondary battery causes a negative electrode to expand, which leads to a problem that the internal stress increases. Therefore, it has been demanded to develop a negative electrode including the Si-containing particles and the graphite particles, whose expansion when the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly is small. It should be noted that this expansion of the negative electrode means that, in the same state of charge (for example, discharged state), the volume of the negative electrode becomes larger than the initial volume.

In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a negative electrode including Si-containing particles and graphite particles, whose expansion when a secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly is small.

A negative electrode of a secondary battery according to the present disclosure includes a negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material layer supported by the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode active material layer includes a first layer existing on a side of a surface layer part and a second layer existing on a side of the negative electrode current collector. The first layer includes first graphite particles and first Si-containing particles. The second layer includes second graphite particles and second Si-containing particles. The Si content ratio in the first Si-containing particle is smaller than the Si content ratio in the second Si-containing particle. Each of the first Si-containing particle and the second Si-containing particle is coated with a conductive material. The ratio of the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the second Si-containing particle to the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the first Si-containing particle is 2.5 or more.

With such a constitution, the negative electrode including the Si-containing particles and the graphite particles, whose expansion when the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly is small can be provided.

In another aspect, a secondary battery disclosed herein includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The negative electrode is the aforementioned negative electrode.

With such a constitution, the secondary battery using the negative electrode including the Si-containing particles and the graphite particles, in which the expansion of the negative electrode when the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly is small can be provided.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will hereinafter be described with reference to the drawings. Matters that are not mentioned in the present specification and that are necessary for the implementation of the present disclosure can be grasped as design matters of those skilled in the art based on the prior art in the relevant field. The present disclosure can be implemented on the basis of the contents disclosed in the present specification and common technical knowledge in the relevant field. It should be noted that in the drawings below, the members and parts with the same operation are explained by being denoted by the same reference sign. In addition, the size relation (length, width, thickness, etc.) in each drawing does not necessarily reflect the actual size relation. Moreover, in the present specification, the numerical range expressed as “A to B” includes A and B.

It should be noted that the term “secondary battery” in this specification refers to an electrical energy storage device capable of being charged and discharged repeatedly. It should be noted that, in the present specification, the term “lithium ion secondary battery” refers to a secondary battery that uses lithium ions as a charge carrier and can be charged and discharged by transfer of charges accompanying with the lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes.

1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 60 60 A negative electrode disclosed herein is used for a secondary battery, and is suitably used for a lithium ion secondary battery. One embodiment of the negative electrode disclosed herein is described specifically with reference to.is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating one example of a negative electrodeaccording to this embodiment, and is a cross-sectional view taken along a thickness direction and a width direction. The negative electrodeaccording to this embodiment illustrated inis a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.

60 62 64 62 60 62 64 62 64 62 62 64 62 As illustrated in the drawing, the negative electrodeincludes a negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material layersupported by the negative electrode current collector. In other words, the negative electrodeincludes the negative electrode current collectorand the negative electrode active material layerprovided on the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode active material layermay be provided on only one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collectoras illustrated in the drawing. It is desirable that the negative electrode active material layerbe provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.

62 64 60 62 62 62 60 a a a A negative electrode active material layer non-formation part, in which the negative electrode active material layeris not provided, may be provided at one end part of the negative electrodein the width direction as illustrated in the drawing. In the negative electrode active material layer non-formation part, the negative electrode current collectoris exposed and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation partcan function as a current collecting part. However, a structure for collecting current from the negative electrodeis not limited to this structure.

62 62 62 62 The shape of the negative electrode current collectoris a foil shape (or sheet shape) in the illustrated example; however, the shape is not limited to this shape. The negative electrode current collectormay have various modes such as a stick shape, a plate shape, and a mesh shape. As a material of the negative electrode current collector, metals with excellent conductivity (for example, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, and the like) can be used similarly to the conventional lithium ion secondary battery, and in particular, copper is desirable. As the negative electrode current collector, a copper foil is particularly desirable.

62 62 The size of the negative electrode current collectoris not limited in particular and may be determined as appropriate in accordance with the battery design. In the case of using the copper foil as the negative electrode current collector, the thickness thereof is not limited in particular and is for example 5 μm or more and 35 μm or less and desirably 6 μm or more and 20 μm or less.

1 FIG. 1 FIG. 64 64 64 64 62 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 a b a b a b a b As illustrated in, the negative electrode active material layerhas a multilayer structure, and specifically includes a first layerexisting on a side of a surface layer of the negative electrode active material layer, and a second layerexisting on a side of the negative electrode current collector. As illustrated in, the first layeris an upper layer of the negative electrode active material layerand the second layeris a lower layer of the negative electrode active material layer. It should be noted that the negative electrode active material layermay further include a layer other than the first layerand the second layerwithin the range not interrupting the effect of the present disclosure remarkably. For example, the negative electrode active material layermay include, between the first layerand the second layer, an intermediate layer where components of these layers are mixed.

64 64 2 FIG. 2 FIG. 1 FIG. 2 FIG. 2 FIG. The negative electrode active material layerincludes a negative electrode active material. This will be described in detail with reference to.is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating particles of the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode active material layerillustrated in. It should be noted that sinceis the schematic view, the number of particles, the distribution, and the like are not limited to those illustrated in.

64 12 14 64 16 18 64 12 14 64 16 18 a b a b Regarding the negative electrode active material, the first layerincludes first graphite particlesand first Si-containing particles. The second layerincludes second graphite particlesand second Si-containing particles. Therefore, in the first layer, at least the first graphite particlesand the first Si-containing particlesare used as the negative electrode active material and in the second layer, at least the second graphite particlesand the second Si-containing particlesare used as the negative electrode active material. The volume change of the Si-containing particle due to the expansion/shrinkage along with the charging and discharging is large; however, using the graphite particles in combination makes it possible to suppress the disconnection of a conductive path due to the volume change of the Si-containing particle.

12 16 Graphite that forms the first graphite particlesand the second graphite particlesmay be either natural graphite or artificial graphite, and may be amorphous carbon-coated graphite in which graphite is coated with an amorphous carbon material.

12 16 12 16 12 16 12 16 The shape of the first graphite particleand the second graphite particleis not limited in particular and may be a flake shape, a spherical shape, or the like. The first graphite particleand the second graphite particleare desirably spherical graphite particles. When the first graphite particleand the second graphite particleare spherical, the first graphite particleand the second graphite particlehave a circularity of desirably 0.85 to 1, more desirably 0.88 to 1, and still more desirably 0.90 to 1.

It should be noted that in this specification, the term “circularity” refers to the ratio of a circumferential length of a perfect circle with the same area as the projection area of a particle to a circumferential length of a particle projection image (that is, circularity=the circumferential length of a perfect circle with the same area as the projection area of a particle/the circumferential length of a particle projection image). Therefore, as the circularity is closer to 1, it means that the particle projection image is closer to a perfect circle and the particle is closer to a perfect sphere. The circularity can be determined in such a way that, for example, the circularities of 100 or more particles are obtained using a commercial static automated image analysis device and the average value thereof is calculated.

12 16 12 16 An average particle diameter (D50) of the first graphite particlesand the second graphite particlesis not limited in particular. The average particle diameter (D50) of each of the first graphite particlesand the second graphite particlesis for example 1 μm to 30 μm, desirably 5 μm to 25 μm, more desirably 10 μm to 23 μm, and still more desirably 12 μm to 20 μm.

It should be noted that, in the present specification, the term “average particle diameter (D50)” refers to the median diameter (D50), which means the particle diameter corresponding to the cumulative frequency 50 vol % from the microparticle side with small particle diameter in the particle size distribution based on the volume in accordance with a laser diffraction/scattering method. The average particle diameter (D50) can be obtained using a commercial laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution measurement device or the like.

12 16 12 16 The first graphite particleand the second graphite particlemay be the same graphite particles or different graphite particles. As the first graphite particleand the second graphite particle, the same graphite particles are desirably used.

14 18 14 18 As the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particle, for example, particles of a Si—C composite material can be used. The Si—C composite material typically includes a carbon domain and a Si-containing domain. It should be noted that the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particleare not necessarily formed of the Si—C composite material and may be a Si particle, a Si oxide particle, or the like.

Examples of the carbon domain include a carbonized product of a carbon precursor (for example, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, phenol resin, or the like), graphite, and the like. The carbon domain desirably forms a carbon matrix. Therefore, the Si—C composite material is desirably a material in which a plurality of Si-containing domains are dispersed in a carbon matrix. This case is advantageous because the carbon matrix can relieve the volume change due to the expansion/shrinkage of the Si-containing domain.

x x x x The Si-containing domain includes Si, and for example, is formed of Si, Si oxide (SiO), Si nitride (SiN), Si carbide (SiC), or the like. The Si-containing domain is desirably formed of at least one of Si or Si oxide (SiO). The Si-containing domain may be a microparticle. The Si-containing domain has an oxygen content of desirably 10 mass % or less.

64 The Si-containing domains may have an average particle diameter of for example 50 nm or less, or 5 nm to 50 nm. It should be noted that “the average particle diameter of the Si-containing domains” can be determined as follows. First, the negative electrode active material layeris subjected to focused ion beam (FIB) processing, so that a sample for scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) observation is prepared. Then, after the sample is subjected to an elemental analysis with EDX element mapping, a bright field (BF) image and a high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) image are acquired. Based on the contrast and shape obtained by the BF image and the HAADF image, the diameter of the Si-containing domain can be determined. The diameters of 10 or more Si-containing domains that are arbitrarily selected are determined and the average value thereof is defined as “the average particle diameter of the Si-containing domains” here.

The Si—C composite material is, for example, a material in which microparticles containing Si are dispersed inside a carbon material, a material in which microparticles containing Si get into pores of granulated porous graphite, or the like. The Si—C composite material may be a material in which a microparticle containing Si adheres to a surface of a carbon particle, a material in which a carbon microparticle adheres to a surface of a particle containing Si, or the like. From the viewpoint of suppressing the volume change of Si, it is desirable to use a material in which Si nanoparticles are dispersed inside a carbon material, and a material in which Si nanoparticles are dispersed inside pores of a porous carbon material, and more desirable to use the material in which the Si nanoparticles are dispersed inside the pores of the porous carbon material.

14 18 14 18 14 18 In this embodiment, a Si content ratio (S1) in the first Si-containing particleis lower than a Si content ratio (S2) in the second Si-containing particle. As long as this relation is satisfied, the Si content ratio (S1) in the first Si-containing particleand the Si content ratio (S2) in the second Si-containing particleare not limited in particular. However, if these Si content ratios are too low, the effect of suppressing the expansion of the negative electrode when the secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged may become low. On the other hand, if these Si content ratios are too high, the volume change due to the expansion/shrinkage of the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particlewhen the secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged may become too large.

14 18 Therefore, the Si content ratio (S1) in the first Si-containing particleis desirably 20 mass % to 55 mass %, and more desirably 25 mass % to 45 mass %. The Si content ratio (S2) in the second Si-containing particleis desirably 45 mass % to 80 mass %, and more desirably 55 mass % to 75 mass %.

14 18 In addition, a ratio (S1/S2) of the Si content ratio (S1) in the first Si-containing particleto the Si content ratio (S2) in the second Si-containing particleis desirably 0.10 to 0.90, more desirably 0.20 to 0.80, and still more desirably 0.40 to 0.75.

14 18 14 18 The average particle diameters (D50) of the first Si-containing particlesand the second Si-containing particlesare not limited in particular. The average particle diameter (D50) of each of the first Si-containing particlesand the second Si-containing particlesis for example 1 μm to 15 μm, desirably 2 μm to 10 μm, and more desirably 4 μm to 10 μm.

14 18 It should be noted that the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particlecan be manufactured in accordance with a known method. It should be noted that various manufacturing methods for particles of the Si—C composite material are known (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2015-38862, WO 2014/046144, prior art documents mentioned in WO 2014/046144, etc.).

2 FIG. 64 15 64 14 15 64 19 64 18 19 a a b b As illustrated in, the first layerincludes a first conductive material. In the first layer, the first Si-containing particleis coated with the first conductive material. In addition, the second layerincludes a second conductive material. In the second layer, the second Si-containing particleis coated with the second conductive material.

14 18 15 19 15 19 14 15 19 In the illustrated example, the entire first Si-containing particleand the entire second Si-containing particleare coated with the first conductive materialand the second conductive material, respectively. Therefore, each of the first conductive materialand the second conductive materialforms a coating layer. However, the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particle may be partially coated with the first conductive materialand the second conductive material, respectively.

15 19 15 19 Examples of the conductive material (that is, the first conductive materialand the second conductive material) include carbon black such as acetylene black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and the like. In particular, the CNT is desirable. It should be noted that the first conductive materialand the second conductive materialare desirably the same conductive material.

In the case of using the CNT as the conductive material, the kind thereof is not limited in particular and for example, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT), and a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and the like can be used. Any of these can be used alone or two or more kinds thereof can be used in combination. Since more conductive paths between the negative electrode active materials can be formed, the SWCNT is desirable as the CNT. The CNT may be manufactured in accordance with an arc discharge method, a laser ablation method, a chemical vapor deposition method, or the like.

The average length of the CNTs is not limited in particular. If the average length of the CNTs is too long, it is likely that the CNTs aggregate and the dispersibility decreases. Thus, the average length of the CNTs is desirably 15 μm or less, more desirably 8.0 μm or less, and still more desirably 5.0 μm or less. On the other hand, if the average length of the CNTs is too short, the conductive paths between the negative electrode active materials tend to be formed less easily. Thus, the average length of the CNTs is desirably 0.3 μm or more, more desirably 0.5 μm or more, and still more desirably 1.0 μm or more.

The average diameter of the CNTs is not limited in particular, and is for example 0.1 nm to 50 nm and desirably 0.3 nm to 30 nm.

It should be noted that the average length and the average diameter of the CNTs can be determined by acquiring an electron microscope image of the CNTs and calculating average values of the lengths and the diameters of 100 or more CNTs, respectively. In the specific example, a CNT dispersion liquid is diluted and then dried, so that a measurement sample is prepared. This sample is observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the lengths and the diameters of 100 or more CNTs are obtained, and the average values are calculated. In this case, if the CNTs reaggregate, the length and the diameter are obtained for a bundle of the aggregated CNTs.

14 15 18 19 15 14 19 18 In this embodiment, a coating amount (C1) (mass %) of the first Si-containing particlewith the first conductive materialis smaller than a coating amount (C2) (mass %) of the second Si-containing particlewith the second conductive material. It should be noted that the coating amount (C1) is the ratio (%) of the mass of the first conductive materialto the mass of the first Si-containing particle, and the coating amount (C2) is the ratio (%) of the mass of the second conductive materialto the mass of the second Si-containing particle.

Then, a ratio (C2/C1) of the coating amount (C2) of the conductive material for the second Si-containing particle to the coating amount (C1) of the conductive material for the first Si-containing particle is 2.5 or more.

64 64 14 15 12 64 64 18 19 14 16 60 a b In this manner, in the first layer, which is the upper layer of the negative electrode active material layer, the first Si-containing particlewith the low Si content ratio coated with the first conductive materialis used in addition to the first graphite particle, and in the second layer, which is the lower layer of the negative electrode active material layer, the second Si-containing particlewith the high Si content ratio coated with the second conductive materialwith the coating amount 2.5 times or more larger than that of the first Si-containing particleis used in addition to the second graphite particle. Consequently, the expansion of the negative electrodewhen the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly can be remarkably suppressed. The reason is considered as below.

64 64 a That is to say, in the negative electrode active material layer, it is the upper layer (that is, the first layer) that expands more when the secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged. Therefore, in the upper layer, the Si-containing particle having the low Si content ratio and thereby having the small expansion and shrinkage is used and additionally, this particle is coated with a relatively small amount of conductive material. Thus, a side reaction and the expansion and shrinkage of the Si-containing particle due to the charging and discharging can be suppressed.

64 64 60 b On the other hand, in the lower layer (that is, the second layer), the Si-containing particle having the high Si content ratio and thereby having the large expansion and shrinkage is used and moreover, this particle is coated with a relatively large amount of conductive material. Thereby, the disconnection of the conductive path at the charging and discharging of the secondary battery can be suppressed. Accordingly, the expansion of the negative electrode due to the disconnection of the conductive path (that is, the expansion caused because the battery reaction becomes inhomogeneous and the reaction or stress concentrates locally, for example) can be suppressed. Consequently, in the entire negative electrode active material layer, the expansion of the negative electrodewhen the charging and discharging of the secondary battery are repeated can be suppressed remarkably.

The ratio of the coating amount (C2/C1) is desirably 2.8 or more, more desirably 3.0 or more, still more desirably 5.0 or more, and particularly desirably 7.0 or more. The ratio of the coating amount (C2/C1) may be 50 or less, 30 or less, 20 or less, or 15 or less.

64 64 64 64 a b The content of the conductive material in the negative electrode active material layer(that is, the first layerand the second layer) is not limited in particular as long as the effect of the present disclosure can be obtained. The amount of the conductive material is for example, 0.02 mass % to 10 mass % with respect to the negative electrode active material, and may be determined as appropriate in accordance with the kind of the conductive material. When the conductive material is the CNT, the content of the conductive material in the negative electrode active material layeris desirably 0.02 mass % to 3.0 mass % and more desirably 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass % with respect to the negative electrode active material.

14 15 18 19 64 14 18 Thus, the coating amount (C1) of the first Si-containing particlewith the first conductive materialand the coating amount (C2) of the second Si-containing particlewith the second conductive materialmay be determined as appropriate in consideration of the content of the conductive material in the negative electrode active material layer, the ratio of the coating amount (C2/C1), and the mass ratio of the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particle.

15 14 15 19 18 19 When the first conductive materialis the CNT, the coating amount (C1) of the first Si-containing particlewith the first conductive materialis, for example, 0.05 mass % to 2.0 mass %, desirably 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass %, more desirably 0.05 mass % to 0.25 mass %, and particularly desirably 0.07 mass % to 0.24 mass %. When the second conductive materialis the CNT, the coating amount (C2) of the second Si-containing particlewith the second conductive materialis, for example, 0.10 mass % to 3.0 mass %, desirably 0.20 mass % to 1.5 mass %, more desirably 0.25 mass % to 0.70 mass %, and particularly desirably 0.27 mass % to 0.55 mass %.

19 18 15 14 The ratio of the total mass of the second conductive materialcoating the second Si-containing particlesto the total mass of the first conductive materialcoating the first Si-containing particlesis desirably more than 1, more desirably 1.5 or more, still more desirably 2 or more, and particularly desirably 4 or more.

15 19 It should be noted that a dispersant for the CNTs may adhere to the first conductive materialand the second conductive material. As the dispersant for the CNTs, a known dispersant for CNTs can be used.

64 14 12 14 a In the first layer, the mass ratio of the first Si-containing particlesto the total of the first graphite particlesand the first Si-containing particlesis desirably 10 mass % to 60 mass %, more desirably 15 mass % to 50 mass %, and still more desirably 20 mass % to 40 mass %.

64 18 16 18 14 64 18 64 b a b In the second layer, the mass ratio of the second Si-containing particlesto the total of the second graphite particlesand the second Si-containing particlesis desirably 10 mass % to 60 mass %, more desirably 15 mass % to 50 mass %, and still more desirably 20 mass % to 40 mass %. It should be noted that the mass ratio of the first Si-containing particlesin the first layerand the mass ratio of the second Si-containing particlesin the second layermay be either the same or different.

64 12 14 64 12 14 64 a a a The negative electrode active material included in the first layermay be only the first graphite particlesand the first Si-containing particles. However, the first layermay further include the negative electrode active material other than the first graphite particlesand the first Si-containing particleswithin the range not interrupting the effect of the present disclosure (for example, by 10 mass % or less of the total amount of the negative electrode active material included in the first layer).

64 16 18 64 16 18 64 b b b The negative electrode active material included in the second layermay be only the second graphite particlesand the second Si-containing particles. However, the second layermay further include the negative electrode active material other than the second graphite particlesand the second Si-containing particleswithin the range not interrupting the effect of the present disclosure (for example, by 10 mass % or less of the total amount of the negative electrode active material included in the second layer).

64 64 64 b a In the negative electrode active material layer, a ratio (T2/T1) of a thickness (T2) of the second layerto a thickness (T1) of the first layeris not limited in particular as long as the effect of the present disclosure can be obtained and is, for example, 5/95 to 95/5. From the viewpoint of further suppressing the expansion of the negative electrode when the secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged, the ratio (T2/T1) is desirably 10/90 to 90/10, more desirably 10/90 to 80/20, and still more desirably 30/70 to 60/40.

64 The negative electrode active material layermay include a component other than the negative electrode active material and the conductive material, and examples of such a component include a binder. Examples of the binder include styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and the like. CMC also functions as a thickener.

64 64 64 a a a The content of the negative electrode active material in the first layer(that is, with respect to the total mass of the first layer) is desirably 90 mass % or more and more desirably 95 mass % or more. The content of the binder in the first layeris desirably 0.1 mass % or more and 8 mass % or less, and more desirably 0.5 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less.

64 64 64 b b b The content of the negative electrode active material in the second layer(that is, with respect to the total mass of the second layer) is desirably 90 mass % or more and more desirably 95 mass % or more. The content of the binder in the second layeris desirably 0.1 mass % or more and 8 mass % or less, and more desirably 0.5 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less.

64 The thickness of the negative electrode active material layeris not limited in particular and is, for example, 10 μm or more and 400 μm or less and desirably 20 μm or more and 300 μm or less.

64 64 3 3 3 3 3 The density of the negative electrode active material layeris not limited in particular and is, for example, 0.7 g/cmor more, desirably 1.0 g/cmor more, and more desirably 1.2 g/cmor more. On the other hand, the density of the negative electrode active material layeris, for example, 2.3 g/cmor less and may be 2.0 g/cmor less.

60 62 64 64 62 a The negative electrodemay include a member other than the negative electrode current collectorand the negative electrode active material layer. For example, an insulating layer (not illustrated) adjacent to the negative electrode active material layermay be provided on the negative electrode active material layer non-formation part. The insulating layer contains, for example, an insulating inorganic filler or the like.

60 14 15 18 19 14 18 18 14 18 19 16 14 15 12 62 The negative electrodecan be manufactured suitably by a manufacturing method including the following steps, for example: a step (hereinafter also referred to as “coated particle preparing step”) of preparing the first Si-containing particlecoated with the first conductive materialand the second Si-containing particlecoated with the second conductive material, in which the Si content ratio (S1) in the first Si-containing particleis lower than the Si content ratio (S2) in the second Si-containing particle, and the ratio of the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the second Si-containing particleto the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the first Si-containing particleis 2.5 or more; a step (hereinafter also referred to as “lower layer formation paste preparing step”) of preparing a lower layer formation paste by mixing the second Si-containing particlecoated with the second conductive materialand the second graphite particlein a dispersion medium; a step (hereinafter also referred to as “upper layer formation paste preparing step”) of preparing an upper layer formation paste by mixing the first Si-containing particlecoated with the first conductive materialand the first graphite particlein a dispersion medium; a step (hereinafter also referred to as “lower layer forming step”) of forming a lower layer by applying the lower layer formation paste on the negative electrode current collectorand drying the paste; and a step (hereinafter also referred to as “upper layer forming step”) of forming an upper layer by applying the upper layer formation paste on the lower layer and drying the paste.

It should be noted that the term “paste” in the present specification refers to a mixture in which a part or all of a solid content is dispersed in the dispersion medium, and encompasses so-called “slurry”, “ink”, and the like.

14 18 14 18 The coated particle preparing step can be performed in accordance with a known method. Specifically, for example, the first Si-containing particleswith the low Si content ratio and the second Si-containing particleswith the high Si content ratio are prepared. In addition, the conductive materials (the first conductive material and the second conductive material) are prepared. The first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particlecan be coated with the conductive materials in accordance with a known coating method. Examples of such a method include: a method in which the Si-containing particles and the conductive material are dispersed in the dispersion medium and then, dried by heating, vacuuming, or the like as necessary; a method of spray-drying a slurry in which the Si-containing particles and the conductive material are dispersed in the dispersion medium; a method in which the Si-containing particles and the conductive material are subjected to a mechano-fusion process; a method in which the Si-containing particles and the conductive material are subjected to a mechanical milling process; a method in which the conductive material is deposited on the Si-containing particles by chemical vapor deposition (CVD); and the like.

14 18 It should be noted that the first Si-containing particleand the second Si-containing particleare covered with the conductive materials so that the ratio of the coating amount (C2/C1) is 2.5 or more.

16 18 19 The lower layer formation paste preparing step can be performed in accordance with a known method in such a way that the second graphite particles, the second Si-containing particlescoated with the second conductive material, and an optional component (for example, the binder or the like) are mixed with the dispersion medium (for example, water) using a known mixing device, stirring device, or the like.

12 14 15 The upper layer formation paste preparing step can be performed in accordance with a known method in such a way that the first graphite particles, the first Si-containing particlescoated with the first conductive material, and an optional component (for example, the binder or the like) are mixed with the dispersion medium (for example, water) using a known mixing device, stirring device, or the like. It should be noted that the upper layer formation paste preparing step may be performed in parallel to the lower layer formation paste preparing step. The upper layer formation paste preparing step may be performed in parallel to, or after the lower layer forming step.

62 64 b The lower layer forming step can be performed in accordance with a known method. Specifically, for example, this step can be performed by applying and drying the lower layer formation paste on the negative electrode current collectorusing a known applying device. By the drying, the lower layer (the second layer) is formed.

64 64 a The upper layer forming step can be performed in accordance with a known method. Specifically, for example, this step can be performed by applying and drying the upper layer formation paste on the formed lower layer using a known applying device. By the drying, the upper layer (the first layer) is formed and the negative electrode active material layeris formed.

64 The drying step may be followed by a step of pressing the negative electrode active material layer. The pressing step can be performed in accordance with a known method.

60 60 60 By the negative electrodeaccording to this embodiment, the expansion of the negative electrodewhen the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly can be suppressed. Moreover, since the negative electrodeaccording to this embodiment uses the negative electrode active material containing Si, the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased.

60 3 FIG. 4 FIG. Thus, in another aspect, the secondary battery disclosed herein includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. This negative electrode is the negative electrodeaccording to the aforementioned embodiment. One embodiment of the secondary battery disclosed herein will be described with reference toand, in which a lithium ion secondary battery is used as one example. In a structure example given below, a lithium ion secondary battery with a flat square shape includes a wound electrode body with a flat shape and a battery case with a flat shape.

3 FIG. 100 100 20 30 30 42 44 36 30 30 42 42 44 44 30 a a As illustrated in, a lithium ion secondary batteryis a sealed lithium ion secondary batteryconstructed in such a way that a wound electrode bodywith a flat shape and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution (not illustrated) are accommodated inside a battery case (that is, exterior container)with a flat square shape. A battery caseincludes a positive electrode terminaland a negative electrode terminalfor external connection, and a thin safe valvethat is set to, when the internal pressure of the battery casehas risen to or above a predetermined level, release the internal pressure. The battery casealso includes an injection port (not illustrated) for injecting the nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The positive electrode terminalis electrically connected to a positive electrode current collection plate. The negative electrode terminalis electrically connected to a negative electrode current collection plate. As a material of the battery case, a metal material with small weight and high thermal conductivity, such as aluminum, is used, for example.

3 FIG. 4 FIG. 20 50 60 70 50 54 52 60 64 62 52 54 52 62 64 62 20 52 62 42 44 a a a a a a As illustrated inand, the wound electrode bodyis in a form in which a positive electrode sheetand a negative electrode sheetare overlapped on each other with two elongated separator sheetstherebetween and wound in a longitudinal direction. The positive electrode sheethas a structure in which a positive electrode active material layeris formed along the longitudinal direction on one surface or both surfaces (here, both surfaces) of a positive electrode current collectorin an elongated shape. The negative electrode sheethas a structure in which the negative electrode active material layeris formed along the longitudinal direction on one surface or both surfaces (here, both surfaces) of the negative electrode current collectorin an elongated shape. A positive electrode active material layer non-formation part(that is, a part where the positive electrode active material layeris not formed and the positive electrode current collectoris exposed) and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation part(that is, a part where the negative electrode active material layeris not formed and the negative electrode current collectoris exposed) are formed so as to protrude outward from opposite ends of the wound electrode bodyin a winding axis direction (that is, a sheet width direction that is orthogonal to the longitudinal direction). To the positive electrode active material layer non-formation partand the negative electrode active material layer non-formation part, the positive electrode current collection plateand the negative electrode current collection plateare joined, respectively.

52 50 52 As the positive electrode current collectorconstituting the positive electrode sheet, a known positive electrode current collector that is used for the lithium ion secondary battery may be used and examples thereof include a sheet or a foil made of metal with excellent conductivity (for example, aluminum, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, or the like). The positive electrode current collectoris desirably an aluminum foil.

52 52 The size of the positive electrode current collectoris not limited in particular and may be determined as appropriate in accordance with the battery design. In the case of using the aluminum foil as the positive electrode current collector, the thickness is not limited in particular and is, for example, 5 μm or more and 35 μm or less, and desirably 7 μm or more and 20 μm or less.

54 The positive electrode active material layercontains a positive electrode active material. As the positive electrode active material, a positive electrode active material with a known composition used for the lithium ion secondary battery may be used. Specifically, for example, a lithium composite oxide, a lithium transition metal phosphate compound, or the like can be used as the positive electrode active material. A crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is not limited in particular and may be a layered structure, a spinel structure, an olivine structure, or the like.

As the lithium composite oxide, a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing at least one kind among Ni, Co, and Mn as a transition metal element is desirable. Specific examples thereof include a lithium nickel composite oxide, a lithium cobalt composite oxide, a lithium manganese composite oxide, a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide, a lithium iron nickel manganese composite oxide, and the like.

It should be noted that the “lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide” herein includes not only oxides including Li, Ni, Co, Mn, and O as constituent elements, but also an oxide further including one or more additive elements besides them. Examples of the additive elements include transition metal elements and typical metal elements such as Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, Na, Fe, Zn, and Sn. The additive element may be a metalloid element such as B, C, Si, or P, and a nonmetal element such as S, F, Cl, Br, or I. This also applies, in the same manner, to the lithium nickel composite oxide, the lithium cobalt composite oxide, the lithium manganese composite oxide, the lithium nickel manganese composite oxide, the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide, and the lithium iron nickel manganese composite oxide described above.

4 4 Examples of the lithium transition metal phosphate compound include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO), lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO), lithium manganese iron phosphate, and the like.

One kind of these positive electrode active materials may be used alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be used in combination. The positive electrode active material is particularly desirably the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide because of being excellent in characteristics including an initial resistance characteristic and the like.

The average particle diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material is not limited in particular and is, for example, 0.05 μm or more and 25 μm or less, desirably 1 μm or more and 20 μm or less, and more desirably 3 μm or more and 15 μm or less.

54 The positive electrode active material layermay include a component other than the positive electrode active material, such as trilithium phosphate, a conductive material, or a binder. Desired examples of the conductive material include carbon black such as acetylene black (AB), carbon fiber such as vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and carbon nanotube (CNT), and other carbon materials (such as graphite). As the binder, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) or the like can be used.

54 54 54 54 54 The content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer(that is, the content of the positive electrode active material with respect to the total mass of the positive electrode active material layer) is not limited in particular and is desirably 70 mass % or more, more desirably 80 mass % or more, and still more desirably 85 mass % or more and 99 mass % or less. The content of trilithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material layeris not limited in particular and is desirably 0.1 mass % or more and 15 mass % or less and more desirably 0.2 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less. The content of the conductive material in the positive electrode active material layeris not limited in particular and is desirably 0.1 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less and more desirably 0.3 mass % or more and 15 mass % or less. The content of the binder in the positive electrode active material layeris not limited in particular and is desirably 0.4 mass % or more and 15 mass % or less and more desirably 0.5 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less.

54 52 The thickness of the positive electrode active material layerper one side of the positive electrode current collectoris not limited in particular and is usually 10 μm or more and desirably 20 μm or more. On the other hand, the thickness is usually 400 μm or less and desirably 300 μm or less.

60 60 As the negative electrode sheet, the negative electrodedescribed above is used.

70 70 As the separator, a porous sheet (film) formed of resin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, cellulose, or polyamide is used. Such a porous sheet may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure of two or more layers (for example, a three-layer structure in which a PP layer is stacked on each surface of PE layer). The separatormay have a heat resistance layer (HRL) provided on a surface thereof.

70 70 The thickness of the separatoris not limited in particular and is, for example, 5 μm or more and 50 μm or less and desirably 10 μm or more and 30 μm or less. The air permeability of the separatorobtained by a Gurley test is not limited in particular and is desirably 350 seconds/100 cc or less.

The nonaqueous electrolyte solution typically contains a nonaqueous solvent and a supporting salt (electrolyte salt). As the nonaqueous solvent, an organic solvent used for an electrolyte solution of the general lithium ion secondary battery, such as carbonates, ethers, esters, nitriles, sulfones, and lactones, can be used without particular limitations. In particular, carbonates are desirable, and specific examples thereof include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC), monofluoromethyl difluoromethyl carbonate (F-DMC), trifluorodimethyl carbonate (TFDMC), and the like. One kind of such nonaqueous solvents may be used alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be used in combination. One example of the nonaqueous solvent consists only of carbonates. Another example of the nonaqueous solvent contains carbonates and esters such as methyl acetate.

6 4 6 As the supporting salt, for example, a lithium salt such as LiPF, LiBF, or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) (desirably LiPF) can be suitably used. The concentration of the supporting salt is desirably 0.7 mol/L or more and 1.3 mol/L or less.

The nonaqueous electrolyte solution may include a component other than the aforementioned components unless the effect of the present disclosure is deteriorated remarkably. Examples of such a component include various additives such as a film forming agent such as vinylene carbonate (VC) or an oxalato complex, a gas generator such as biphenyl (BP) or cyclohexyl benzene (CHB), and a thickener.

100 100 100 100 100 100 In the lithium ion secondary battery, the expansion of the negative electrode when charging and discharging are repeated is suppressed and accordingly, the reaction force is low. In addition, the lithium ion secondary batteryhas high capacity. The lithium ion secondary batterycan be used for various applications. The suitable applications of the lithium ion secondary batteryare driving power sources to be mounted on vehicles such as a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV). The lithium ion secondary batterycan be used as an electrical energy storage battery such as a small-sized electrical energy storage device. The lithium ion secondary batterycan be used in a form of a battery module, in which a plurality of batteries are typically connected to each other in series and/or in parallel.

100 20 As above, the lithium ion secondary batterywith the square shape including the wound electrode bodywith the flat shape has been described as one example. However, the lithium ion secondary battery may be configured as a lithium ion secondary battery including a stacked-type electrode body (that is, an electrode body in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are stacked alternately). Alternatively, the lithium ion secondary battery may be configured as a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery, a laminate-case type lithium ion secondary battery, or the like.

100 The lithium ion secondary batterymay be configured as an all-solid lithium ion secondary battery using a solid electrolyte instead of the nonaqueous electrolyte in accordance with a known method.

60 60 The negative electrodeaccording to this embodiment is suitable for the negative electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery; however, the negative electrodecan also be constructed and used as a negative electrode for another secondary battery and such a secondary battery can be configured in accordance with a known method.

Examples related to the present disclosure are hereinafter described in detail but these examples are not intended to limit the present disclosure to such examples.

The first Si-containing particles: Si—C composite material, Si content ratio=35 mass %, average particle diameter (D50)=8 μm The second Si-containing particles: Si—C composite material, Si content ratio=65 mass %, average particle diameter (D50)=7 μm The graphite particles (the first graphite particles and the second graphite particles): average particle diameter (D50)=15 μm As the negative electrode active material, the following was prepared. It should be noted that the Si content ratios of the first Si-containing particles and the second Si-containing particles were measured using a commercial ICP-OEC device. The average particle diameter (D50) of each of the particles was measured using a commercial laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution measurement device.

The upper layer formation paste including the graphite particles, the first Si-containing particles, the first conductive material, CMC, PAA, and SBR at a mass ratio of 70:30:0.1:1:1:1 was prepared in accordance with the following procedure. In addition, the lower layer formation paste including the graphite particles, the second Si-containing particles, the second conductive material, CMC, PAA, and SBR at a mass ratio of 80:20:0.1:1:1:1 was prepared in accordance with the following procedure.

As the conductive material, the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was prepared. The SWCNT was prepared in a form of a dispersion liquid. The first Si-containing particles, the SWCNT dispersion liquid, and the dispersion medium were mixed using a disperser at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm. Thus, the particle in which the surface of the first Si-containing particle was coated with the SWCNT (the first conductive material) was obtained. Similarly, the second Si-containing particles, the SWCNT dispersion liquid, and the dispersion medium were mixed using the disperser at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm. Thus, the particle in which the surface of the second Si-containing particle was coated with the SWCNT (the second conductive material) was obtained.

As the binder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were prepared.

The graphite particles, CMC, and PAA were blended in a dry state using a planetary mixer. The obtained dry mixture and the first Si-containing particles coated with the first conductive material were fed into the planetary mixer together with the dispersant medium, and the mixture was kneaded. In addition, SBR and the additional dispersion medium were fed into the planetary mixer and diluted and mixed, so that the upper layer formation paste was obtained.

The graphite particles, CMC, and PAA were blended in a dry state using a planetary mixer. The obtained dry mixture and the second Si-containing particles coated with the second conductive material were fed into the planetary mixer together with the dispersant medium, and the mixture was kneaded. In addition, SBR and the additional dispersion medium were fed into the planetary mixer and diluted and mixed, so that the lower layer formation paste was obtained.

The prepared lower layer formation paste was applied on a surface of a copper foil with a thickness of 10 μm and dried; thus, the lower layer of the negative electrode active material layer was formed. In addition, the prepared upper layer formation paste was applied on the lower layer and dried; thus, the upper layer was formed. In this manner, the negative electrode active material layer with the multilayer structure was formed. After the negative electrode active material layer was roll-pressed, the obtained sheet was processed into a predetermined size and thus, the negative electrode sheet was obtained.

The first Si-containing particles: Si—C composite material, Si content ratio=40 mass %, average particle diameter (D50)=7 μm The second Si-containing particles: Si—C composite material, Si content ratio=60 mass %, average particle diameter (D50)=6 μm A negative electrode sheet according to Example 2 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the first Si-containing particles and the second Si-containing particles were changed to the following and the mixing mass ratio of the first conductive material in the upper layer was changed from 0.1 to 0.2.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 3 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the ratio (T2/T1) of the thickness (T2) of the upper layer to the thickness (T1) of the lower layer was changed to 10/90.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 4 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the ratio (T2/T1) of the thickness (T2) of the upper layer to the thickness (T1) of the lower layer was changed to 90/10.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 5 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the ratio (T2/T1) of the thickness (T2) of the upper layer to the thickness (T1) of the lower layer was changed to 20/80.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 6 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the ratio (T2/T1) of the thickness (T2) of the upper layer to the thickness (T1) of the lower layer was changed to 80/20.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 7 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the mixing mass ratio of the second conductive material in the lower layer was changed from 0.5 to 0.3.

A negative electrode sheet according to Example 8 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the mixing mass ratio of the first conductive material in the upper layer was changed from 0.1 to 0.2 and the mixing mass ratio of the second conductive material in the lower layer was changed from 0.5 to 0.4.

The lower layer formation paste and the upper layer formation paste were mixed so that the mass ratio of the solid contents of these became 1:1; thus, a negative electrode active material layer formation paste was manufactured. This paste was applied on a surface of a copper foil with a thickness of 10 μm and dried; thus, the negative electrode active material layer was formed. After the negative electrode active material layer was roll-pressed, the obtained sheet was processed into a predetermined size and thus, a negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 1 was obtained. It should be noted that the thickness of the negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 1 was the same as that in Example 1.

A negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 2 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the lower layer was formed using the upper layer formation paste and the upper layer was formed using the lower layer formation paste. Therefore, in Comparative Example 2, the first Si-containing particles coated with the first conductive material and the second Si-containing particles coated with the second conductive material were exchanged.

A negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 3 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the mixing mass ratio of the first conductive material in the upper layer was changed from 0.1 to 0.5.

A negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 4 was obtained by a method similar to that in Example 1 except that the mixing mass ratio of the second conductive material in the lower layer was changed from 0.5 to 0.1.

The lower layer formation paste was applied on a surface of a copper foil with a thickness of 10 μm and dried; thus, the negative electrode active material layer was formed. After the negative electrode active material layer was roll-pressed, the obtained sheet was processed into a predetermined size and thus, a negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 5 was obtained. It should be noted that the thickness of the negative electrode sheet according to Comparative Example 5 was the same as that in Example 1.

The thickness of the negative electrode according to each of Examples and Comparative Examples was measured. This thickness was defined as an initial thickness (T0). Using this negative electrode, an evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was manufactured as follows.

1/3 1/3 1/3 2 LiNiCoMnO(NCM) as positive electrode active material powder, acetylene black (AB) as the conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as the binder were mixed with N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) at a mass ratio of NCM:AB:PVdF=100:1:1; thus, the positive electrode paste was prepared. This paste was applied on a surface of an aluminum foil with a thickness of 15 μm and dried; thus, the positive electrode active material layer was formed. After the positive electrode active material layer was roll-pressed, the obtained sheet was processed into a predetermined size and thus, the positive electrode sheet was obtained.

6 A separator made of porous polyolefin was prepared. A lead was attached to each of the manufactured negative electrode sheet and positive electrode sheet, the sheets were stacked with the separator therebetween, and thus, the electrode body was manufactured. This was accommodated together with the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in a case made of an aluminum laminate film. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution used was prepared in such a way that LiPFas the supporting salt was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol/L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a volume ratio of 15:5:40:40. After that, the case was sealed and thus, the evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was obtained.

Next, each evaluation lithium ion secondary battery manufactured as above was placed under an environment of 25° C. After each evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was subjected to constant-current charging to 4.2 V at a current value of 0.4 C, constant-voltage charging was performed until the current value became 0.1 C. Subsequently, each evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was subjected to constant-current discharging to 2.5 V at a current value of 0.4 C.

The charging and discharging described above were regarded as one cycle, and 250 cycles of charging and discharging were repeated. Each evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was disassembled in an argon atmosphere, the negative electrode was immersed and cleaned in DMC, and then drying was performed. Subsequently, the thickness of the negative electrode was measured and this thickness was defined as a thickness (Tc) after the charging and discharging cycles. The change rate (%) of the thickness of the negative electrode before and after the charging and discharging cycles was calculated based on (Tc/T0−1)×100. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 First Si-containing particle Second Si-containing particle Coating Coating Structure of Conductive amount C1 Conductive amount C2 Expansion active Thickness Si content material (mass %) of Si content material (mass %) of rate of material ratio ratio mixing conductive ratio mixing conductive electrode layer T2/T1 (mass %) ratio material (mass %) ratio material C2/C1 plate (%) Example 1 Two layers 50/50 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 35 Example 2 Two layers 50/50 40 0.2 0.67 60 0.5 2.5 3.75 38 Example 3 Two layers 10/90 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 41 Example 4 Two layers 90/10 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 43 Example 5 Two layers 20/80 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 39 Example 6 Two layers 80/20 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 42 Example 7 Two layers 50/50 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.3 1.5 4.5 39 Example 8 Two layers 50/50 35 0.2 0.67 65 0.4 2 3 40 Comparative Single layer — 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.5 2.5 7.5 54 Example 1 Comparative Two layers 50/50 65 0.5 2.5 35 0.1 0.33 0.13 60 Example 2 Comparative Two layers 50/50 35 0.5 1.67 65 0.5 2.5 1.5 51 Example 3 Comparative Two layers 50/50 35 0.1 0.33 65 0.1 0.5 1.5 62 Example 4 Comparative Single layer — — — — 65 0.5 2.5 — 68 Example 5

From the results shown in Table 1, it can be understood that indicate that the expansion rate of the electrode plate is very low in the case where the first Si-containing particles with the low Si content ratio coated with the first conductive material are used in addition to the first graphite particles in the upper layer of the negative electrode active material layer, and the second Si-containing particles with the high Si content ratio coated with the second conductive material with the coating amount 2.5 times or more larger than that of the first Si-containing particle are used in addition to the second graphite particles in the lower layer of the negative electrode active material layer. Accordingly, it can be understood that according to the negative electrode of the present disclosure, the expansion of the negative electrode when the secondary battery is charged and discharged repeatedly is small although the negative electrode including the Si-containing particles and the graphite particles is used.

The specific examples of the present disclosure have been described above in detail; however, these are just examples and will not limit the scope of claims. The techniques described in the scope of claims include those in which the specific examples exemplified above are variously modified and changed.

9 the negative electrode current collector; and the negative electrode active material layer supported by the negative electrode current collector, in which the negative electrode active material layer includes the first layer existing on the side of the surface layer part and the second layer existing on the side of the negative electrode current collector, the first layer includes the first graphite particles and the first Si-containing particles, the second layer includes the second graphite particles and the second Si-containing particles, the Si content ratio in the first Si-containing particle is smaller than the Si content ratio in the second Si-containing particle, each of the first Si-containing particle and the second Si-containing particle is coated with the conductive material, and the ratio of the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the second Si-containing particle to the coating amount (mass %) of the conductive material for the first Si-containing particle is 2.5 or more. [1] The negative electrode including: [2] The negative electrode according to Item [1], in which the conductive material is the carbon nanotube. [3] The negative electrode according to Item [2], in which the coating amount of the conductive material for the first Si-containing particle is 0.05 mass % to 2.0 mass %, and the coating amount of the conductive material for the second Si-containing particle is 0.10 mass % to 3.0 mass %. [4] The negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [3], in which the ratio of the thickness of the second layer to the thickness of the first layer is 10/90 to 90/10. [5] The negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [4], in which the ratio of the Si content ratio in the first Si-containing particle to the Si content ratio in the second Si-containing particle is 0.10 to 0.90. [6] The negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [5], in which the Si content ratio in the first Si-containing particle is 20 mass % to 55 mass %, and the Si content ratio in the second Si-containing particle is 45 mass % to 80 mass %. [7] The negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [6], in which each of the first Si-containing particles and the second Si-containing particles is the particles of the Si—C composite material. in the first layer, the mass ratio of the first Si-containing particles to the total of the first graphite particles and the first Si-containing particles is 10 mass % to 60 mass %, and in the second layer, the mass ratio of the second Si-containing particles to the total of the second graphite particles and the second Si-containing particles is 10 mass % to 60 mass %. [8] The negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [7], in which [9] The secondary battery including the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte, in which the negative electrode is the negative electrode according to any one of Items [1] to [8]. That is to say, the following Items [1] to [] are given as the negative electrode of the secondary battery, and the secondary battery disclosed herein.